Final Warning: A History of the New World Order

[Steve Gardner]

The Federal Income Tax

With the Illuminati in complete control of our monetary system, they were ready for the next step. They couldn't touch the money of the people, because the Constitution did not contain any provision for the taxing of income; so they now set into motion a plan to accomplish this, in order to oppress the middle class, and increase the lower class, who would have to depend on the government for their survival.

From 1862-72, to support the Civil War effort, Congress enacted the nation's first income tax: 3% on incomes from $600 to $10,000, and 5% for incomes above that, which was later deemed to be insufficient, and it was increased twice, till it reached a high of 10% on all incomes over $5,000. The tax was criticized because it wasn't apportioned among the states according to population. The Act of 1862 also provided for a sales tax, excise tax, and inheritance tax; and established the office of Commissioner of Internal Revenue, who was given the power to assess, levy, and collect taxes, and was given the authority to enforce tax laws. In 1868, tobacco and alcoholic beverages were taxed.

The income tax was discontinued in 1872, but after heavy lobbying by the Populist Party, it was reinstated in 1894, as part of the Wilson-German Tariff Bill, when Congress enacted a 2% tax on all incomes over $4,000 a year. On May 20, 1895, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the tax was unconstitutional, because it was not distributed among the states in accordance with the Constitution. Newspapers controlled by the Illuminati denounced the Court's decision.

When the income tax legislation was introduced in the Senate in 1894, Sen. Nelson W. Aldrich had come out against it, saying it was "communistic and socialistic," but in 1909, he proposed the 16th Amendment to the Constitution, with the support of President Taft, which called for the creation of a progressive graduated income tax. It was ratified in February, 1913, and levied a 1% tax on all incomes over $3,000, and a progressive surtax on incomes over $20,000. Although praised by reformers, conservatives said it was "a first step toward complete confiscation of private property."

According to a 2-volume investigative report called The Law That Never Was, by William J. Benson (who had been a special agent with the Illinois Department of Revenue for 10 years) and M. J. 'Red' Beckman, on February 25, 1913, shortly before the end of his term, Secretary of State Philander C. Knox ignored various irregularities, and fraudulently declared that the 16th Amendment had been ratified by three-fourths (or 36) of the 48 states. Benson traveled to all the State archives and to the National Archives in Washington, DC, obtaining more than 17,000 pages of documents, all properly notarized and certified by state officials, that proved that the 16th Amendment was never [properly] ratified.

A 16-page memo dated February 15, 1913, to Knox from his solicitor stated that only four states had "correctly" ratified the amendment, that Minnesota had not forwarded their copy yet, and that the resolutions from 33 states contained punctuation, capitalization, or wording different than the Resolution that was approved by Congress. The memo read:

"In the certified copies of the resolutions passed by the legislatures of the several states ratifying the proposed 16th amendment, it appears that only four of these resolutions (those submitted by Arizona, North Dakota, Tennessee and New Mexico) have quoted absolutely accurately and correctly the 16th amendment as proposed by Congress. The other thirty-three resolutions all contain errors either of punctuation, capitalization, or wording. Minnesota, it is to be remembered, did not transmit to the Department a copy of the resolution passed by the legislature of the state. The resolutions passed by twenty-two states contain errors only of capitalization or punctuation, or both, while those of eleven states contain errors in the wording..."

Benson discovered that some word changes and misplaced commas were done by legislative intent. State Legislatures voting to ratify a proposed Constitutional amendment must use a certified, exact copy, as passed by the Congress. Since this was not done, legally, the Government can only collect an income tax within the guidelines set forth by the Supreme Court in Pollock v. Farmers Loan & Trust Co., 157 U.S. 429 (1895), and all sections of the Internal Revenue Code based on the 16th Amendment are not valid.

• Rhode Island, Utah, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Kentucky, Florida, Virginia, and Pennsylvania did not approve or ratify the amendment.
  
• Texas and Louisiana were forbidden by their own state constitution to empower the federal government to tax their citizens.
  
• Vermont and Massachusetts rejected the amendment with a recorded vote count, but later declared it passed without a recorded vote only after the amendment had been declared ratified by Knox.
  
• Tennessee, Ohio, Mississippi, California, and Washington violated their own state constitutions during their ratification procedures.
  
• Minnesota had not sent any copy of its resolution to Knox, let alone a signed and sealed copy, as was required by law.
  Oklahoma, Georgia, and Illinois had made unacceptable changes in the wording, as did some of the above states (in addition to the other unacceptable procedures).

When you deduct these 21 states, you only had a proper ratification by only 27 states, far less than the Constitutionally-mandated 36. Because of his diligence, Benson was arrested and imprisoned on income tax charges, but later released.

The Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression

The Federal Reserve Board held a secret meeting on May 18, 1920, to plan a depression. Large banks began calling in loans, causing stocks to drop from a high of 138.12 in 1919, to a low of 66.24 in 1921. When the value of government bonds plummeted, they were forced to call in even more loans. When thousands of the banks' customers could not pay their notes, the banks seized their assets.

After 1922, profits rose, and with the Federal Reserve's ability to lend ten times more than their reserves, credit was easily obtained. From 1923 to 1929, $8 billion was sliced off of the deficit. The Reserve expanded the money supply by 62%, and this excess money was used to bid the stock market up to fantastic heights. The media began publicizing that there was an enormous profit to be made from the stock market. This push was planned at a meeting of the International Bankers in 1926, who made the boom possible, and who was going to bring about financial disaster later.

In 1928, the House hearings on the "Stabilization of the Purchasing Power of the Dollar", revealed that the Federal Reserve Board had met with the heads of various European central banks at a secret luncheon in 1927 to plan what they believed might be a major crash. On February 6, 1929, after Montagu Norman, Chairman of the Bank of England, came to the United States to meet with Andrew Mellon, the Secretary of Treasury, the Reserve reversed its monetary policy by raising the discount rate, and during the next few months, after Paul Warburg had issued a tip in March, 1929, Illuminati members, who knew what the future held, got their money out of the stock market, reinvesting it in gold and silver. In the year before the crash, 500 banks failed.

On October 24, 1929, the New York banking establishment began calling in their loans, forcing their customers to sell stock at ridiculously low prices in order to pay off the loans. Stock prices fell by 90%, and U.S. Securities lost $26 billion. Thousands of smaller banks and insurance companies went bankrupt, and people who had been millionaires, were now broke. To prolong the depression after the crash, from 1929 to 1933 the Reserve began to reduce the money flow by one-third.

The Great Depression, as it became known, was engineered by the Illuminati to take money from the people, and to make them dependent on the Government through the subsequent New Deal programs of Roosevelt. Congressman Louis T. McFadden, Chairman of the House Banking and Currency Committee said:

"It was no accident. It was a carefully contrived occurrence ... The International Bankers sought to bring about a condition of despair here so they might emerge as the rulers of us all."

In his book My Exploited Father-in-Law, Curtis Dall (son-in-law of Franklin D. Roosevelt) wrote:

"The depression was the calculated "shearing" of the public by the World Money powers, triggered by the planned sudden shortage of supply of call money in the New York money market ... The One World Government leaders and their ever close bankers have now acquired full control of the money and credit machinery of the U.S. via the creation of the privately owned Federal Reserve Bank."

To a limited extent, this same method was used to create minor "depressions" in 1937, 1948, 1953, 1956, 1960, 1966, 1970, and 1979.

The Federal Government Siezes Power from the States

According to Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution of the United States:

"The Congress shall have power ... to exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful building..."

This passage reveals the true intention of our forefathers, which was for the Federal Government to coordinate the efforts of all the States in order to combine their resources when it came to things like trade and defense, since the States were actually like separate countries. Therefore, the Congress only had jurisdiction over the area of Washington, D.C.; territories like Alaska and Hawaii (before they became states); present [non-state territories] of Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and others; and Federal property such as military bases. This area [of jurisdiction] will be hereinafter referred to as the "District" (as in the District of Columbia), as it is in the United States Code (see 26 USC 7701(a)(1), and 26 USC 3121(e)(1)).

Since America is a Republic, and not a democracy, the Government has a responsibility to protect the inalienable rights of its citizens, as granted by the Constitution, rather than to grant privileges, known as civil rights, which are decided by the will of the majority. When the sovereign state citizen gave power to the State Constitution, which created State Government; this in turn gave power to the U.S. Constitution, which created the Federal Government; which has, in a sense, incorporated and gave power to the United States Government; which has turned the U.S. citizen into a subject of the U.S. Government. Therefore, the Federal Government has been able to wield its influence over the entire country, rather than just the area referred to as the District.

This is possible, because, for all intents and purposes, there are two of every state. For example, the official name of Pennsylvania is the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ; but to the U.S. Government, it is known as the State of Pennsylvania. There are even two state flags. One with a gold fringe, which represents the State of Pennsylvania, and martial law under the U.S. Government; and one without the fringe, which represents the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The gold-fringed flag was reserved for use by the General of the Army, where it was present at military headquarters and displayed at court martials. Its use elsewhere, as a government battle flag, was only to be done at the discretion of the President, within his role as the Commander-in-Chief of the military, to establish the jurisdiction of the military presence. This gold-fringed flag, which is common in many public places, such as courthouses, and schools, is not the national flag which represents our constitutional republic. It is a symbol of federal government jurisdiction.

The Abuse of "Emergency Powers"

When Franklin D. Roosevelt was inaugurated on March 4, 1933, he called for an emergency session of Congress on March 9th, where the "Emergency Banking Relief Act" (also known as the "War Powers Act", which seized all the country's constitutional gold and silver coinage) was passed. This gave FDR the power to issue any order and do anything he felt was necessary to run the country, without restriction, by authority of the "Trading with the Enemy Act" of October 6, 1917 (which had placed all German citizens under the authority of the President, because they were enemies of the U.S.).

In 1917, Chapter 106, Section 2, subdivision (c), of the "Trading with the Enemy Act", defined the Enemy as someone "other than citizens of the United States..." and in 1933, according to Chapter 106, Section 5, subdivision (b), the Act designated as the Enemy "any person within the United States."

America was under the authority of an emergency war government. According to the book Constitution: Fact or Fiction by Dr. Eugene Schroder (with Micki Nellis), our Constitution was actually nullified on March 9, 1933, when President Franklin Roosevelt declared a national emergency. As recorded in Congressional Record in 1933, Rep. James Buck said: "...the doctrine of emergency is the worst. It means that when Congress declares an emergency, there is no Constitution. This means it's dead." Senate Report 93-549 (Senate Resolution 9, 93rd Congress, 1st Session) in 1973 said that:

"[since 1933] the United States has been in a state of declared national emergency ... A majority of the people of the United States have lived all their lives under emergency rule. For 40 years freedoms and governmental procedures guaranteed by the Constitution have, in varying degrees, been abridged by laws brought into force by states of national emergency..."

The Act was never repealed after World War II, [and after] Roosevelt died, Truman used the extraordinary powers he gained through the rewriting of the War Powers Act to establish the National Security infrastructure, which included the C.I.A. [See the National Security Act of 1947 --ed]

The "national emergency" technically ended on September 14, 1976, when the 93rd Congress passed H.R. 3884, the "National Emergencies Termination Act" (50 USC 1601, Public Law 94-412) in response to President Richard Nixon's abuse of the "Trading with the Enemy Act", which was part of Roosevelt's emergency legislation. Though he had promised an end to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, he actually escalated the war by authorizing the secret bombing of Cambodia. And then later, in December, 1972, Nixon ordered American B-52's to drop over 36,000 tons of bombs over Haiphong and Hanoi. Congress then appointed the Special Committee on the Termination of the National Emergency, headed by Sen. Frank Church (D-ID), who began having hearings in July, 1973. Even though it appeared that the emergency legislation was repealed, the last paragraph said that it didn't apply to any "authorities under the act of October 6, 1917, as amended."

Chuck Morse wrote in his article "Is the 'National Emergency of FDR' Still In Place?" that:

"This was a classic example of sleight of hand. In fact, Congress exempted all laws, based on the emergency of 1933 that were already in place. Rather than being based on the authority of the President under a 'national emergency' these federal laws would now be codified as a permanent part of the U.S. Federal Code. Included among the codified laws would be Section 5(b) of the Trading with the Enemy Act, which classifies the American citizen as an enemy of the government."

The declaration of a National Emergency can legally empower the President to suspend the Constitution. According to Senate Report 93-549:

"[the] President may: Seize property, organize commodities, assign military forces abroad, institute Martial Law, seize and control transportation and communication, regulate operation of private enterprise, restrict travel, and in a plethora of particular ways, control the lives of all American citizens."

President Carter declared a new national emergency in 1979 during the Iranian hostage crisis, and Bill Clinton, during his two terms in office, declared 12 National Emergencies. A 1976 Senate report noted that there were 470 extraordinary grants of power to the President, during times of National Emergency. [Those powers have since been expanded by the 2001 "Patriot Act" and successors --ed]

The U.S. Federal Government is a Bankrupt Entity

Because of Executive Orders 6073, 6102 (gold confiscation), 6111, 6260 and 6262 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, it is believed that the District went bankrupt in 1933, and since then, has undergone various "reorganizations." The Secretary of Treasury was appointed "receiver" in the bankruptcy (Reorganization Plan, No. 26, 5 U.S.C.A. 903; Public Law 94-564; Legislative History, pg. 5967). Representative James A. Traficant, Jr., of Ohio, according to the Congressional Record (pg. H1303), on March 17, 1993, said:

"Mr. Speaker, we are now in Chapter 11 [bankruptcy]. Members of Congress are official Trustees presiding over the greatest reorganization of any bankrupt entity in world history, the United States government..."

It was in 1933 that FDR enacted the "Social Security Act", which effectively redefined the word "employee" to indicate "government worker." Then came the "Public Salary Tax Act" in 1939, which gave the U.S. Government the power to levy a tax on those people who were either government employees, or who lived and worked in a "Federal Area." A year later, the Buck Act was passed, which gave the U.S. Government the power to create a "Federal Area" so they could levy the Public Salary Tax. Since it was unconstitutional to tax anyone outside of the jurisdiction of the District, this Act, in Section 110(d) and (e), made the land within the territorial boundaries of a State, a "Federal Area." This, in effect, created a paper state, known as a Federal Area, for the purposes of the U.S. Government; and those people who were sovereign state citizens, now found themselves also living in this Federal Area. Now the U.S. Government had to make that citizen one of their subjects by bringing them under the jurisdiction of the District.

This was accomplished by deceiving the citizen into entering an adhesion contract with the U.S. Government, such as a Social Security application, an Income Tax form, a Driver's License application, a Bank Account application, and other similar things. Contrary to what most people believe, it is not mandatory to apply for a Social Security number; however, in order for a sovereign state citizen to be eligible for Social Security benefits, they have to waive the rights given to them under our Republic.

Probably, the most incredible example of the adhesion contract is the Income Tax system. In 1884, it was accepted that the "property which every man has is his own labor (and) as it is the original foundation of all other property, so it is the most sacred and inviolable." Therefore, since "wages" are received as compensation for labor, it can not be legally taxed. "Income" is the process of profiting from a business (someone else's labor) or investments, and is taxable, as in [the case of] a Corporation, which is an artificial entity which is given the right to exist by the State. The Constitution only allows the Congress to collect uniform "excise" taxes on things involving interstate commerce, such as gasoline, alcohol, tobacco, telephone bills, firearms, and tires. The payment of these taxes is voluntary, because they are based on consumption. These funds go directly to the U.S. Treasury to pay the expenses of the Federal government.

Because we live in a Republic, the Internal Revenue Service Code, Title 26 USC, could not be passed into law by the Congress, and instead, was passed only as a Resolution, which is a formal expression of intent that was to pertain only to citizens of the District. So, how do they make you a citizen of the District? In the upper left-hand corner of the 1040 Federal Income Tax form is a place to put your preprinted address label, which is designated with the words "label here." However, to the left of that is the word "label," which seemingly identifies the entire section as a whole. However, the word "label" actually has another legal meaning that has nothing to do with your name and address. According to Black's Law Dictionary, "label" is defined as: "A slip of ribbon, parchment, or paper, attached as a codicil to a deed or other writing to hold the appended seal." Since your "seal" is your signature, the "label" is actually a codicil which indicates you are waiving your constitutional right as a sovereign state citizen to become a citizen of the District and its Federal Area.

The IRS is a Private Collection Agency for the Fed

The Internal Revenue Service is considered to be a Bureau of the Department of the Tresaury; however, like the Federal Reserve, it is not part of the Federal Government (Diversified Metal Products v. IRS et al. CV-93-405E-EJE U.S.D.C.D.I.; Public Law 94-564; Senate Report 94-1148, pg. 5967; Reorganization Plan No. 26; Public Law 102-391), and in fact was incorporated in Delaware in 1933. It is pointed out that all official Federal Government mail is sent postage-free because of the franking privilege, however, the IRS has to pay their own postage, which indicates that they are not a government entity.

They are in fact a collection agency for the Federal Reserve, because they do not collect any taxes for the U.S. Treasury. All funds collected are turned over to the Federal Reserve. If you have ever sent a check to the IRS, you will find that it was endorsed over to the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve, in turn, deposits the money with the International Monetary Fund, an agency of the United Nations (Black's Law Dictionary, 6th edition, pg. 816), where it is filtered down to the International Development Association (see Treasury Delegation Order No. 91), which is part of the "International Bank for Reconstruction and Development", commonly known as the World Bank. Therefore, it is now clear that the American people are unknowingly contributing to the coming World Government.

The Secretary of the Treasury is the "Governor" of the International Monetary Fund (Public Law 94-564, supra, pg. 5942; U.S. Government Manual 1990/91, pgs. 480-81; 26 U.S.C.A. 7701(a)(11); Treasury Delegation Order No. 150-10). The United States has not had a Treasury since 1921 (41 Stat. Ch. 214, pg. 654) and for all intents and purposes the U.S. Treasury is the IMF (Presidential Documents, Volume 29, No. 4, pg. 113; 22 U.S.C. 285-288).

Chief Justice John Marshall said: "The power to tax involves the power to destroy." Alan Keyes, the former ambassador to the U.N., who ran for President in 2000 said:

"We ought to have realized that the income tax is utterly incompatible with liberty. It is actually a form of slavery. A slave is someone the fruit of whose labor is controlled by somebody else. A slave is not somebody with nothing. Rather, he has only what the master lets him have ...

Under the income tax, the government takes whatever percentage of the earner's income it wants. The income tax, therefore, represents our national surrender to the government of control over all the money we earn. There are, in principle, no restrictions to the pre-emptive claim the government has."

The income tax was intended to rob the earnings of the low and middle class; or as the saying goes, "the more you make, the more they take." However, the tax didn't touch the huge fortunes of Illuminati members. The tax was an indication that the U.S. was heading for a planned war, because they couldn't go into a war without money. Since the tax provided less than 5% of total Federal revenues, increases were later made to accommodate World War I, FDR's New Deal, and World War II. In July, 1943, workers in this country were subject to a payroll withholding tax in the form of a "victory tax" that was touted as a temporary tax to boost the economy because of the War, and would later be discontinued. However, the payroll deduction remained because it forced compliance.

[Steve Gardner]

The Growth of Tax-exempt Foundations

Under the guise of philanthropy, the Illuminati avoided taxation by transferring their wealth to tax-free foundations.

Foundations are either state or federally chartered. The first was chartered by Benjamin Franklin in 1790, in Philadelphia and Boston, from a $4,444.49 fund, to make loans "to young married artificers (artisans) of good character." In 1800, the Magdalen Society was established in Philadelphia, "to ameliorate that distressed condition of those unhappy females who have been seduced from the paths of virtue, and are desirous of returning to a life of rectitude." In 1846, the Smithsonian Institution was established by the bequest of English scientist James Smithson "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men." The Peabody Education Fund was initiated in 1867 by banker George Peabody, to promote education in the South.

Before 1900, there were only 18 foundations; from 1910-19, there were 76; during the 1920's, 173; the 1930's, 288; the 1940's, 1,638; and during the 1950's, there were 2,839 foundations. United Press International (UPI) reported on July 19, 1969, that the top 596 foundations had an income that was twice the net earnings of the country's 50 largest commercial banking institutions. According to Rep. Wright Patman, in a report to the 87th Congress, it is because of the existence of foundations that "only one-third of the income of the nation is actually taxed."

Some of the important foundations, all of which have assets of well over $100 million, include:

Rockefeller Foundation (Standard Oil)
Ford Foundation (Ford Motor Co.)
Duke Endowment (Duke family fortune)
John A. Hartford Foundation (Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea)
W.K. Kellog Foundation (Kellogg Cereals)
Carnegie Corporation (Carnegie Steel)
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (General Motors)
Moody Foundation (W. L. Moody's oil, realty, newspapers, and bank holdings)
Lilly Endowment (Eli Lilly Pharmaceuticals)
Pew Memorial Trust (Sun Oil Co. or Sunoco)
Danforth Foundation (Purina Cereals)

The Cox Committee and the Reece Committee (1952-55)

The first Congressional Committee to investigate the tax-free foundations was the Cox Committee in 1952, led by Rep. Eugene E. Cox, a Democrat from Georgia. Its purpose was to find out:

"...[which] foundations and organizations are using their resources for purposes other than the purposes for which they were established, and especially to determine which such foundations and organizations are using their resources for un-American and subversive activities or for purposes not in the interest or tradition of the United States ."

Cox discovered that officers and trustees of some foundations were Communists, and that these foundations had given grants to Communists or Communist-controlled organizations. A former Communist official, Maurice Malkin, testified that in 1919 they were trying:

"...to penetrate these organizations (foundations), if necessary take control of them and their treasuries ... that they should be able to finance the Communist Party propaganda in the United States ."

During the investigation, Cox died, and the facts were glossed over in a cover-up.

Another member of the Committee, Rep. Carroll Reece of Tennessee, the former Chairman of the Republican National Committee, forced another investigation in 1953, to see if foundations were being used "for political purposes, propaganda, or attempts to influence legislation." Reece even referred to a "conspiracy." The Washington Post called the investigation "unnecessary," and said that it was "stupidly wasteful of public funds."

The Eisenhower Administration was clearly against the probe. Three of the four who were selected for the Committee, with Reece, were House members who had voted against the investigation. Rep. Wayne Hays of Ohio worked from the inside to stall the investigation. During one 3-hour session, he interrupted the same witness 246 times. He prohibited evidence discovered by two of its investigators from being used. Rene A. Wormser, legal counsel to the Committee, revealed why, in his 1958 book Foundations: Their Power and Influence:

"Mr. Hays told us one day that 'the White House' had been in touch with him and asked him if he would cooperate to kill the Committee."

Wormser also revealed that the Committee had discovered that these foundations were using their wealth to attack the basic structure of our Constitution and Judeo-Christian ethics; and that the influence of major foundations had "reached far into government, into the policy-making circles of Congress and into the State Department."

Reece's Special Committee to Investigate Tax Exempt Foundations discovered that many foundations were financing civil rights groups, liberal political groups, political extremist groups, and supporting revolutionary activities throughout the world. The Committee reported:

"Substantial evidence indicates there is more than a mere close working together among some foundations operating in the international field. There is here, as in the general realm of social sciences, a close interlock.

The Carnegie Corporation, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, the Rockefeller Foundation and, recently, the Ford Foundation, joined by some others, have commonly cross-financed, to a tune of many millions ... organizations concerned with internationalists, among them, the Institute of Pacific Relations, the Foreign Policy Association (which was "virtually a creature of the Carnegie Endowment"), the Council on Foreign Relations, the Royal Institute of International Affairs and others ... and that it happened by sheer coincidence stretches credulity."

On August 19, 1954, Reece summed up his investigation:

"It has been said that the foundations are a power second only to that of the Federal Government itself ... Perhaps the Congress should now admit that the foundations have become more powerful, in some areas, at least, than the legislative branch of the Government."

The investigation ended in 1955, when funding was withheld.

John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Trust (1870-1910)

John Davison Rockefeller (1839-1937), grandfather of former Vice-President Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller and David Rockefeller (head of the Chase Manhattan Bank), was the richest man of his time. He started out in 1859 as a produce merchant, turning to oil in 1865, at the age of 26. In 1870, when Standard Oil of Ohio was incorporated, Rockefeller controlled 21 out of 26 refineries in Cleveland. By 1871, Standard Oil was the largest refining company in the world. In 1879, he controlled over 90% of all refined oil sold in the country, with 20,000 producing wells, and 100,000 employees. In 1884, he moved his main office to New York City; and by 1885, Standard Oil virtually controlled the entire oil industry in the United States, and had set up branches in Western Europe and China.

The Rockefellers and Rothschilds have been partners ever since the 1880's, when Rockefeller was able to get a rebate on each barrel of oil he shipped over the Pennsylvania, Baltimore and Ohio railroads, which were owned by Kuhn, Loeb and Co.

In 1888, details concerning the Standard Oil Trust began to leak out in the newspapers. In Ohio, at the time, a company within the state could not own stock in a company in another state, which occurred when Rockefeller bought out smaller companies. Using the secret Trust, which was established in 1879, the trustees for the companies that had been taken over, the 37 Standard Oil stockholders, and Standard Oil of Ohio, relayed all out-of-state subsidiary stock to three clerks from Standard Oil. In 1882, the three "dummy" trustees, 42 Standard Oil stockholders, and Standard Oil of Ohio, transferred all its stock to nine trustees, who were controlled by Rockefeller. In March, 1892, the Ohio Supreme Court ordered Standard Oil to withdraw from the Trust, after Ohio and other states outlawed trusts. Rockefeller countered by moving Standard Oil to New Jersey, who allowed their corporations to hold stock in out-of-state companies, thus, Standard Oil of New Jersey became that holding Company.

Rockefeller's goal was for Standard Oil to be the world's only refining company, and to that end, it was alleged that he blew up a competitor's refinery in Buffalo, New York. He owned large blocks of stock in quite a few newspapers, including the Buffalo People's Journal, the Oil City Derrick (in Pennsylvania ), the Cleveland Herald, and the Cleveland News Leader. He had contracts with over 100 newspapers in Ohio, to print news releases and editorials furnished by a Standard Oil controlled agency, in return for advertisement.

He "owned" several New Jersey and Ohio state legislators. Rep. Joseph Sibley, of Pennsylvania, was President of the Rockefeller-controlled Galena Signal Oil Co.; and in 1898, Rep. John P. Elkins, also of Pennsylvania, accepted a $5,000 bribe from Standard Oil. In 1904, Sen. Bois Penrose of Pennsylvania received a $25,000 bribe from Rockefeller, and Sen. Cornelius Bliss received $100,000. Others who received Standard Oil bribes: Sen. Matthew Quay (PA), Sen. Joseph B. Foraker (OH), Sen. Joseph Bailey (TX), Sen. Nathan B. Scott, Sen. Mark Hanna (OH), Sen. Stephen B. Elkins (WV), Rep. W. C. Stone (PA), and Sen. McLaurin (SC). President William McKinley, through Sen. Mark Hanna, was a pawn of Standard Oil and the bankers.

The "rebates" Rockefeller received from various railroads, were actually kickbacks. These rebates made it possible for him to keep his prices lower so he could bankrupt his competition. He said: "Competition is a sin." Standard Oil also made kickbacks, in the form of stock, to railroad people, such as William H. Vanderbilt, who received stock without contributing any capital, as did various bankers who lent money freely to Standard Oil.

Willie Winkfield, a Rockefeller messenger, sold evidence of Rockefeller's bribery to William Randolph Hearst's New York American, for $20,500, and Hearst revealed the information at election time, in an attempt to get the Rockefeller stooges out of office. In 1905, an exposé by Ida M. Tarbell, called The History of Standard Oil Co., which came on the heels of an 1894 book by Henry Demarest Lloyd, called Wealth Against Commonwealth, began to turn public opinion against Standard Oil.

Robert M. LaFollette, Sr., in a speech to the Senate in March, 1908, said that fewer than 100 men controlled the business interests of the country. However, a few years later, through an analysis of the Directory of Directors, it was discovered that through interlocking directorates, less than a dozen men controlled the country's business interests. Most notable were Rockefeller and Morgan.

In March, 1910, Sen. Nelson Aldrich of Rhode Island introduced a Bill of Incorporation for the Rockefeller Foundation, but it came at a time when there was an antitrust suit against Standard Oil, and the Bill was withdrawn. On May 15, 1911, Standard Oil was found to be in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, and the U.S. Supreme Court ordered, in a 20,000 word decision, the breakup of Standard Oil of New Jersey. The Court said that Standard Oil wanted to establish a monopoly in order "to drive others from the field and exclude them from their right to trade," and that "seven men and a corporate machine have conspired against their fellow citizens. For the safety of the Republic, we now decree that the dangerous conspiracy must be ended..."

Standard Oil was forced to dissolve into 38 separate companies, including Standard Oil of Indiana (Amoco), Standard Oil of Ohio (Sohio), Standard Oil of Louisiana, Standard Oil of New Jersey (Exxon, which is one of the largest corporations in the world, controlling 321 other companies, including Humble Oil and Venezuela's Creole Oil), Standard Oil of New York (Socony or Mobil); and others such as Continental Oil (Conoco), Atlantic-Richfield (Arco), Gulf, Phillips 66, Texaco, and Marathon Oil, which were also Rockefeller-controlled companies. Rockefeller owned 25% of Standard Oil of New Jersey, which meant that he now owned 25% of all 38 Standard Oil subsidiaries. In 1914, the Congressional Record referred to Standard Oil as the "shadow government" and as the extent of its holdings became known, its value tripled.

Rockefeller Philanthropy (1860-1937)

In May, 1913, after three years of Congressional opposition, the New York State Legislature voted to establish the Rockefeller Foundation (which was located in the Time-Life Building), "to promote the well-being of mankind throughout the world." However, a 1946 report stated that the "challenge of the future is to make this one world." The endowment to establish the Foundation totaled $182,851,000, and was given in securities, enabling the foundation to disperse over $1 billion, even though it is only third in total assets compared to the Ford and Johnson Foundations.

In 1899, with an estimated wealth of $200,000,000, Rockefeller "retired." But, only in regard to being involved in the day-to-day operation of the company. He didn't officially retire until 1911, when he resigned as President of Standard Oil. He had become America 's first billionaire, yet when he died, he only left a taxable estate of $26,410,837, which after Federal and State taxes were levied, left about $16 million. The remainder of his fortune had been left to surviving relatives ($240 million), his sons ($465 million), and his foundations.

In 1889, Rockefeller helped establish, with a grant of $600,000, the University of Chicago. He promised to support the school for ten years, which he did, donating $34,708,375. In 1901, he incorporated the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (now Rockefeller University), with a grant of $200,000. In 1903, he established the Rockefeller General Education Board, which he donated $42 million to, within a two-year period (and $129 million in total). The Board was organized by Fred Gates, the front man for the Pillsbury flour company. In 1909, the Rockefeller Sanitation Commission was established, to which he gave $1 million.

Rockefeller, said to own 20% of American industry, between 1855 and his death in 1937 gave away nearly $550 million. In 1855, when he was 16, he gave $2.77 of his meager earnings to charity, 1856 ($19.31), 1857 ($28.37), 1858 ($43.85), 1859 ($72.22), 1860 ($107.35), 1861 ($259.97), 1865 ($1,012), 1869 ($5,000), 1871 ($6,860), 1879 ($29,000), 1880 ($32,865), 1884 ($119,000), 1891 ($500,000), 1892 ($1,500,000), 1893 ($1,472,122), 1907 ($39,170,480), 1909 ($71,453,231), 1913 ($45,499,367), 1914 ($67,627,095), and 1919 ($138,624,574).

He gave a total of $182,851,480 to the Rockefeller Foundation, $129,209,167 to the General Education Board, $73,985,313 to the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Fund, and $60,673,409 to the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.

John D. Rockefeller, Jr. and His Sons

John D. Rockefeller, Jr. (1874-1960) was married to Abby Aldrich, daughter of Sen. Nelson Aldrich. (According to a February, 1905 McClure's magazine article, Aldrich was part of a corrupt political machine).

John D. Junior continued the charitable tradition of his father. He spent over $40 million to buy up land and convert it to National Parks, donating it to the public. The most prominent of these parks is the Jackson Hole Preserve at the Grand Teton National Park in northeastern Wyoming. In 1926, he reconstructed the colonial town of Williamsburg, Virginia, spending $52.6 million to restore 81 colonial buildings, and rebuild 404 others from original plans, on their original foundations. Over 700 modern homes were torn down in the 83 acre area to bring the 18th century town back to life. He also built 45 other buildings, including three hotels to serve the public, and planted gardens.

In 1929, he began building the Rockefeller Center in New York City, a complex of 14 buildings, at a cost of $125 million, which was to surpass the stature of the du Pont's Empire State Building. The Rockefeller empire is run from the 55th and 56th floors of the RCA building, at 30 Rockefeller Plaza. Rockefeller was quoted to have said: "So it may come to pass that someday ... no one will speak of "my country," but all will speak of "our world"."

He pushed his sons into five different areas of influence: John III into philanthropy; Nelson (1908-79) into government (4-term Governor of New York, and Vice-President under Ford); Laurance (1910- ) into business; Withrop (1912-73) into oil (also 2-term Governor of Arkansas); and David (1915- ) into banking (Chairman of the Chase Manhattan Bank and Director of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York).

[For more on JDR Junior and his legacy, see: Rockefeller Internationalism --ed]

Rockefeller Family Wealth, Connections, and Corporate Ownership

The Rockefellers, undeniably the richest family in America, increased their fortune by marrying into other wealthy and influential families. By 1937, there existed "an almost unbroken line of biological relationships from the Rockefellers through one-half of the wealthiest sixty families in the nation."

• Percy Rockefeller (John, Jr.'s cousin), married Isabel Stillman, daughter of James A. Stillman, President of National City Bank
  
  
• William G. Rockefeller (another cousin), married S. Elsie Stillman
  
  
• Ethel Geraldine Rockefeller married Marcellus Hartley Dodge, which linked Standard Oil and National City Bank, to the $50,000,000 fortune of the Remington Arms Company and the Phelps Dodge Corp.
  
  
• J. Stillman Rockefeller (grand nephew of John, Sr.) married Nancy C. S. Carnegie, the grand niece of Andrew Carnegie. Their son was named Andrew Carnegie Rockefeller.
  
  
• Edith Rockefeller (John, Jr.'s sister), married Harold F. McCormick, an heir to the International Harvester Co. fortune. Their son, Fowler, grandson to John, Sr. and Cyrus McCormick (who invented the Reaper), married Fifi Stillman, the divorced wife of James Stillman.
  
  
• Nelson Rockefeller, was married to Mary Todhunter Clark, the granddaughter of the President of the Pennsylvania Railroad. They were later divorced.
  
  
• Winthrop Rockefeller married Jeanette Edris, a hotel and theater heiress
  
  
• John D. Rockefeller IV (Jay), the family's only Democrat (2-term Governor and later U.S. Senator of West Virginia), married Sharon Percy, the daughter of Sen. Charles Percy, who had been one of the Senate's most influential members.

All together, the Rockefeller family had been joined in marriage to the Stillman, Dodge, McAlpin, McCormick, Carnegie, and Aldrich family fortunes, and its wealth has been estimated to be well over $2 billion. Some estimates even claim it to be as high as $20 billion. To compare, John Paul Getty, Howard Hughes, and H. L. Hunt, had fortunes between $2-$4 billion; and the du Ponts and Mellons had fortunes between $3-$5 billion.

Ever since the TNEC hearings in 1937, which convened for the purpose of finding out who was controlling the American economy, the Rockefellers had been able to avoid any sort of accounting in regard to their vast assets and holdings. That ended in December, 1974, when Nelson Rockefeller was nominated to be Vice-President. Two University of California professors, Charles Schwartz and William Domhoff, circulated a report called "Probing the Rockefeller Fortune" which indicated that 15 employees working out of room 5600 of the RCA building had positions on the boards of almost 100 corporations that had total assets of $70 billion. This was denied by the family, and in an unprecedented event, a family spokesman, J. Richardson Dilworth, appeared before the U.S. House of Representatives Judiciary Committee during the 1975 "Hearings into the Nomination of Nelson Rockefeller to be Vice-President of the United States" to document the family's wealth, which he said only amounted to $1.3 billion.

Part of the Rockefeller's financial holdings consists of real estate, foremost being the 4,180 acre family estate at Pocantico Hills, north of New York City, which has 70 miles of private roads, 75 buildings, an underground archives, and close to 500 servants, guards, gardeners and chauffeurs. They also maintain over 100 residences in all parts of the world. Besides investments held in personal trusts, the family also holds stock in numerous companies. Some of their major holdings include:

• Chase Manhattan Bank
  
• International Basic Economy Corp.
  
  Technology
  
  
• American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T)
  
• Eastman Kodak
  
• International Business Machines (IBM)
  
• National Cash Register (NCR)
  
• General Electric
  
• Texas Instruments
  
• Xerox
  
• Teledyne Inc.
  
• Hewlett-Packard
  
• Polaroid
  
• Motorola
  
• International Telephone and Telegraph (IT&T)
  
• Itek
  
  Materials
  
  
• Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing (3M)
  
• Aluminum Co. of America (ALCOA)
  
• Bethlehem Steel
  
• Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel
  
• Anaconda Copper Co.
  
• U.S. Steel
  
• E. I. du Pont de Nemours
  
• Monsanto Chemical
  
• Dow Chemical
  
• Corning Glass Works
  
• Owens Corning Fiberglass
  
• International Paper
  
  Industrial
  
  
• Burlington Industries
  
• International Harvester
  
• Cummins Engine
  
• Westinghouse
  
• W. R. Grace Inc.
  
• Warner-Lambert
  
• R. R. Donnelly and Son
  
  Transportation
  
  
• General Motors
  
• Chrysler
  
• Delta Airlines
  
• Braniff Airlines
  
• Northwest Airlines
  
• United Airlines
  
• Pan American World Airways
  
  Energy
  
  
• Standard Oil of California (Chevron)
  
• Standard Oil of New York (Mobil)
  
• Standard Oil of Indiana
  
• Transcontinental Gas Pipeline
  
• Consolidated Edison
  
• Texaco
  
  Food and Consumer Products
  
  
• Armour
  
• Quaker Oats
  
• General Foods
  
• Colgate-Palmolive
  
• Avon
  
• American Home Products
  
  Retail
  
  
• Sears and Roebuck
  
• S. S. Kresge (K-Mart)
  
• Federated Department Stores
  
• Walgreen Stores

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[Steve Gardner]

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David Rockefeller and the Chase Manhattan Bank

The financial core of the family fortune included the Chase Manhattan Bank, Citicorp (which grew out of the Rockefeller-controlled First National City Bank), the Chemical Bank of New York, First National Bank of Chicago, Metropolitan Equitable, and New York Mutual Life Insurance. By the 1970's, Rockefeller-controlled banks accounted for about 25% of all assets of the 50 largest commercial banks in the country, and about 30% of all assets of the 50 largest life insurance companies.

The Chase Manhattan Bank, however, remains the supreme symbol of Rockefeller domination. Founded in 1877 by John Thompson, the Chase National Bank was named after Salomon P. Chase (Lincoln 's Secretary of Treasury). It was taken over by the Rockefellers in a merger with their Equitable Trust Co., whose President was Winthrop Aldrich, son of Sen. Nelson Aldrich. In 1955, it merged with the Bank of Manhattan (which had been controlled by Warburg and Kuhn, Loeb and Co.), the oldest banking operation in America (founded in 1799 by Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr), which had 67 branches in New York, and $1.6 billion in assets. Although it was only the sixth largest bank (over $98,000,000 in assets), it was the most powerful.

In 1961, the Chase Manhattan Bank Plaza was built in downtown Manhattan, at a cost of $125,000,000. It is 64 stories high, with five basement floors, the lowest of which contains the largest bank vault in the world.

They had 28 foreign branches, and over 50,000 banking offices in more than 50 countries, and had a controlling interest in many of the largest corporations in America. Some of those that were listed in the Patman Report:

American National Bank and Trust
Aetna Life
American General Insurance Co.
International Basic Economy Corp.

Safeway Stores
White Cross Stores
J. C. Penney

Northwest Airlines
Eastern Airlines
TWA
Pan American World Airways
Western Airlines

Consolidated Freightways
Roadway Express
Ryder

Armstrong Rubber
Reynolds Metals
National Steel
Allegheny-Ludlum Steel
Wyandotte Chemicals
A. H. Robins
G. D. Searle

Beckman Instruments
Texas Instruments
Sperry Rand
Boeing
Diebold
Cummins Engine
Bausch and Lomb
Sunbeam
Addressograph-Multigraph

CBS Television

Men from the Chase Manhattan's Board of Directors have also sat on the Boards of many of the largest corporations, which have created a system of interlocking directorates. Some of these have been:

International Basic Economy Corp.
Metropolitan Life
Travelers Insurance
Continental Insurance
Equitable Life Assurance

Cummins Engine
Burlington Industries
Scott Paper
International Paper

Chrysler Corp.
Goodyear Tire & Rubber
Anaconda Copper
Allegheny-Ludlum Steel
U.S. Steel

Allied Stores
Federated Department Stores
R. H. Macy
S. S. Kresge

Colgate-Palmolive
Borden
General Foods
R. J. Reynolds Tobacco

International Telephone & Telegraph
Bell Telephone of Pennsylvania
Consolidated Edison of New York

DuPont
Monsanto
Dow Chemical
Union Carbide

Standard Oil of New Jersey
Standard Oil of Indiana
Shell Oil
Gulf Oil
Union Oil
Continental Oil

New York Times
ABC Television

Chase also owned or controlled the Banco del Commerce (with over 100 branches in Columbia and Peru ), Banco Continental (with about 40 branches in Peru ), Banco Atlantida (with 20 branches in the Honduras ), Nederlandsche Crediet (with over 60 branches in the Netherlands ), and Standard Bank Group (with over 1,200 branches in 17 African countries).

Through a subsidiary, the Chase Investment Corp., they owned a sheep and cattle raising operation in Australia, hotels in Puerto Rico and Liberia, a ready-mix concrete facility in Brazil, a cotton textile mill in Nigeria, a paint factory in Venezuela, a steel mill in Turkey, a petrochemical plant in Argentina, a bus line in the Virgin Islands, and bowling alleys in England.

Our tax dollars, through the Export-Import Bank, International Monetary Fund, Corporation for Overseas Investment, and the International Stabilization Fund, are used to give aid to other countries, some of which were communist. Millions of dollars were given to Yugoslavia, including hundreds of jets, many of which ended up being given to Castro in Cuba .

Chase Manhattan and the Export-Import Bank financed 90% of the $2 billion loan to build the Kama River truck complex in Russia, which was equipped with the world's largest industrial computer system, with the capability of producing up to 200,000 ten-ton trucks a year. A U.S. Government official who toured the facility, reported that V-12 diesel engines were being produced there, and said: "There is only one vehicle in Russia that uses that type of engine, and that's a Russian battle tank." Besides the production of trucks, they also have the capability of producing jeeps, military transports and rocket launchers. The repayment period for the loan was twelve years, with a 4-1/2 year grace period. The loan repayment was guaranteed by the U.S. taxpayers through government agencies like the Overseas Private Investment Corp., and the Foreign Credit Insurance Association.

Chase Manhattan and the Bank of America lent about $36 million for the Bechtel Corp. to build and equip an international Trade Center in Moscow, which had been arranged by Armand Hammer of Occidental Petroleum, a personal friend of Lenin, and son of one of the founders of the U.S. Communist Party.

The Export-Import Bank, and other private American banks also put up all but $40 million for a $400 million fertilizer plant in Russia .

In 1967, the International Basic Economy Corp. (IBEC) (with 140 subsidiaries and affiliates), owned by all five Rockefeller Brothers, run by Richard Aldrich (grandson of Sen. Nelson Aldrich), and Rodman Rockefeller (son of Nelson Rockefeller, and a CFR member); and Tower International, Inc., headed by Cyrus S. Eaton, Jr., a Cleveland financier (who was the son of a man who started his career as secretary to John D. Rockefeller, later making his own fortune), joined to promote trade among the Iron Curtain countries.

In 1969 the IBEC announced that N.M. Rothschild and Sons of London had become a partner. This partnership built a $50 million aluminum production center in Russia, and announced a multi-million plan for Russia and other Eastern European countries, which included the building of large hotels in Bucharest, Sofia, Budapest, Belgrade, Prague, and Warsaw; plus rubber plants and a glass plant in Romania. In addition, Tower International made an agreement with the Soviet patent and licensing organization, Licensintorg, to promote Soviet-American trade which up to that time was done by Amtorg Trading Corp., the official Soviet agency in America. This gave the Rockefellers and Eatons complete control over what technology was sent to Russia .

David Rockefeller, the head of the Chase Manhattan, and the family patriarch, controls many secondary interlocks which contribute to the family's power and influence. Some of these have been:

International Basic Economy Corp.
Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Co. of New York
Equitable Life Assurance Society of the U.S.
Metropolitan Life Insurance Co.
American Express Co.

Honeywell, Inc.
Sperry Rand Corp.
Hewlett-Packard
AT&T

Northwest Airlines

Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co.
Allied Chemical Corp.
U.S. Steel Corp.
Standard Oil of Indiana.
Exxon

Scott Paper
Burlington Industries
Wachovia Corp.
R. J. Reynolds Industries

General Motors
Chrysler Corp.
Firestone Tire & Rubber Co.
General Electric

R. H. Macy and Co.
Federated Department Stores
May Department Stores

On July 9, 1968, the New York Times reported on a study by a House Banking Subcommittee, headed by Rep. Wright Patman of Texas, which said: "A few banking institutions are in a position to exercise significant influence, and perhaps even control, over some of the largest business enterprises in the nation." Just as the Rockefellers have these extensive interlocking connections, other leading bankers, the other 107 directors of the 12 Federal Reserve Banks, and members of the Council on Foreign Relations, Trilateral Commission, and Bilderberg Group, also have similar connections to these and hundreds of other major corporations. Now you can see how these like-minded individuals have been able to control American industry and business.

The Rockefeller Foundations

Though the Rockefeller Foundation is the primary foundation of the family, there are many others operated by them. There are some who believe that the Rockefellers may run close to 200 trusts and foundations. Some of these include:

Rockefeller Family Fund
Rockefeller Brothers Fund
Martha Baird Rockefeller Fund for Music
Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Fund
John D. Rockefeller III Fund
Rockefeller Institute
Standard Oil (Indiana) Foundation
Esso Education Foundation
American International Foundation for Economic and Social Development
China Medical Board
Agricultural Development Council
Government Affairs Foundation
Sealantic Fund (oversees contributions to religious charities "to strengthen and develop Protestant education" to which John Rockefeller, Jr. contributed $23 million)
Jackson Preserve, Inc.
Council on Economic and Cultural Development
Chase Manhattan Bank Foundation

Prior to their government appointments, Cyrus Vance (Secretary of State under Carter) and Dean Rusk (Secretary of State under Kennedy) were both Presidents of the Rockefeller Foundation.

Through interlocking directorates, the Rockefeller Foundation controls the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and the Ford Foundation. While the Carnegie Endowment deals with education as it relates to international matters, the Rockefeller Foundation concentrates on education as it relates to domestic issues. It financed and influenced seven major policy-making agencies:

• Social Science Research Council (who explored the means of controlling people through scientific methods such as mass media)
  
• Russian Institute of Columbia University (who developed methods of conditioning Americans into accepting a merging of the Soviet Union and America under a one-world government)
  
• Council on Foreign Relations
  
• National Bureau of Economic Research (who worked closely with the Federal Reserve Board)
  
• Public Administration Clearing House (in Chicago)
  
• Brookings Institution
  
• Institute of Pacific Relations (who was responsible for planning the communist subversion of America)

The Rockefeller Foundation provided over $50,000 to fund the Building America textbook series which played up Marxism and sought to destroy "traditional concepts of American government." Over 100 communist organizations contributed material, including the writings of over 50 communist writers. The California Legislature said that the books contained "purposely distorted references favoring Communism..."

The Foundation contributed money to the pro-communist New School for Social Research in New York City, and funded projects for the communist-staffed Southern Christian Leadership Conference, led by Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. Rep. Cox said that the Rockefeller Foundation has "been used to finance individuals and organizations whose business it has been to get communism into private and public schools of the country, to talk down to America, and play up Russia..." The Foundation also funded the Kinsey Report, which heralded a new era of sexual immorality.

The purpose of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, is the "support of efforts in the U.S. and abroad that contribute ideas, develop leaders, and encourage institutions in the transition to global interdependence." [For example], in 1974, the Rockefeller Brothers Fund gave grants to:

A.C.L.U. Foundation ($45,000)
Atlantic Institute for International Affairs, in Paris ($10,000)
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace ($60,000)
Columbia University ($9,500)
Council on Foreign Relations ($125,000)
Foreign Policy Association ($20,000)
International Institute for Strategic Studies, in London ($5000)
NAACP ($145,000)
National Council of Churches of Christ in the U.S.A. ($10,000)
National Urban League ($100,000)
Trilateral Commission ($50,000)
U.N. Association of the U.S.A., Inc. ($25,000)
United Negro College Fund, Inc. ($10,000)
U.S. Conference for the World Council of Churches, Inc. ($2,500)

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[Steve Gardner]

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Andrew Carnegie and Public Education

Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919) came to the United States as a poor immigrant from Scotland in 1848, and never became an American citizen. He built the Carnegie Steel Corp., which he sold to J. P. Morgan for $500 million, who incorporated the company into the United States Steel Corp. in 1901, enabling Carnegie to retire and concentrate on his philanthropic activities.

In 1889, William Torrey Harris, the U.S. Commissioner of Education, told a high-ranking railroad official that the schools were being scientifically designed not to "over-educate" children. He believed that the schools should alienate children from their parents and religion.

In 1890, Andrew Carnegie wrote eleven essays which were published under the title The Gospel of Wealth. The underlying premise was that the free-enterprise system had been locked up by men such as himself, J.P. Morgan, and John D. Rockefeller, and that they not only owned everything, but also controlled the government. His worry was that subsequent generations would realize this and work against them. His solution was to control the education system, and to create a direct relationship between the amount of education a person had and how good of a job they could get. Therefore, this created a motivation for children to attend school, where they would be taught only what the social engineers of this country wanted them to know.

This was to be accomplished by instituting the educational system developed by Prussia between 1808 and 1819. German Philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762-1814) in his "Addresses to the German Nation" (1807-08) said that he did not trust parental influence and preferred education to be carried out in a "separate and independent" environment controlled by the state. Prussia became the first government to have compulsory education, setting up a three-tiered system. The children of the elite, about one-half of one percent, went to schools called 'Academies' and were taught to think and be independent. About 5.5% went to 'Realschulen', where they were partially taught how to think. The other 94% went to 'Volkschulen', where the idea of being a follower and a good citizen was stressed.

This system of education was brought to the United States through the effort of a coalition of big business led by Carnegie, J.P. Morgan, and Rockefeller; major universities like Columbia, Johns Hopkins, the University of Wisconsin, the University of Michigan, and the University of Chicago; and large foundations like Carnegie, Rockefeller, Ford, Mellon, Peabody, Sage, and Whitney.

The success in creating an organized compulsory educational system in this country has allowed the elite of this country to prevent each generation from truly understanding how this country is actually run, thus keeping them from doing anything about it. This "dumbing-down" has enabled the government to more easily assimilate the people of this country into a population which can be easily deceived and controlled.

John Dewey, known as the "Father of American Education," was a Socialist, and a founding member of the Intercollegiate Socialist Society (who changed their name to the League for Industrial Democracy, which he became the President of), and one of the 34 signers of the Humanist Manifesto in 1933. In his My Pedagogic Creed (1897) and The School and Society (1899), he expressed his belief at how the schools should be instrumental in developing a socialist society in America ." His system of "progressive education" would deemphasize academics, and use psychology to do that. The July, 1908 Hibbert Journal quoted him as saying: "Our schools ... are performing an infinite significant religious work. They are promoting the social unity out of which in the end genuine religious unity must grow."

With a grant of $27,000,000, Carnegie established the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, in 1900, which became the Carnegie Mellon University in 1967, when it merged with the Mellon Institute, which had been founded in 1913. In 1905, he established the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, which, within a 20 year period, gave over $20 million to retiring teachers (and widows) at universities and technical schools in the United States and Canada to support the profession and encourage higher education. In 1904, in the U.S., and 1908 in the United Kingdom, he set up the Carnegie Hero Fund to reward heroic deeds by civilian citizens, and gave out close to $500,000,000. He also established the world renowned Carnegie Hall, and over 2,000 public libraries. He was also a major supporter of the Tuskogee Institute in Alabama, which was founded by Booker T. Washington.

The Carnegie Endowment and the Carnegie Corporation

The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace was established in 1910, to promote international peace and bring about the abolition of war; and the Carnegie Corporation of New York in 1911 (with a grant of $125,000,000), was set up "to promote the advancement and diffusion of knowledge and understanding among the people of the United States by aiding technical schools, institutions of higher learning, libraries, scientific research, hero funds, useful publications, and by such other agencies and means as shall time to time be found appropriate therefore."

With such a history of philanthropic contributions, the Carnegie Endowment, on its face, appeared to be innocent. However, its goal of promoting international peace was just a ruse to disguise its true purpose to promote one-world government.

The first Presidents of the group was Elihu Root, socialist and former Secretary of State under President Theodore Roosevelt, who was a leading advocate of the League of Nations. He was succeeded in 1925 by Nicholas Murray Butler, the former President of Columbia University. He was follwed in turn by Alger Hiss, the communist who helped found the United Nations.

Their President during the 1960's was Joseph E. Johnson, a member of the CFR and a close friend of Hiss, who was known as the "permanent unofficial Secretary of State." He worked closely with the Donner Foundation, which financed the Temple of Understanding, an occult organization connected to the Lucis Trust in England (a group of [Luciferians] with ties to the Theosophical Society). Members of the Temple met at the Endowment headquarters in the United Nations Plaza. Among their members:

Robert McNamara (Secretary of Defense under Kennedy and Johnson)
Eleanor Roosevelt
Thomas Watson (President of IBM)
Max Lerner
James Linen (of Time-Life)
Norman Thomas
James A. Pike
Ellsworth Bunker
John D. Rockefeller IV (Jay)

The 1934 Yearbook of the Carnegie Endowment, said that they were:

"an unofficial instrument of international policy, taking up here and there the ends of international problems and questions which the governments find it difficult to handle, and ... reaching conclusions ... which officially find their way into the policies of government."

The 1947 Yearbook recommended:

"...that the Endowment work for the establishment of the United Nations headquarters in New York ... that the Endowment construct its programs primarily for the support of the United Nations ... that the Endowment's programs should be broadly educational in order to encourage public understanding and support of the United Nations at home and abroad ... that Endowment supported organizations such as International Relations Clubs in colleges, the Foreign Policy Association, the Institute of Pacific Relations, the Council on Foreign Relations, and local community groups be utilized to achieve these goals, of achieving broader understanding and support for the United Nations."

The Carnegie Endowment and Rockefeller Foundation gave over $3,000,000 to the Institute of Pacific Relations, who used the media to convince the American people that the Communists in China were "agricultural reformers". The Endowment has also given money to the Council on Foreign Relations, the Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies, the United Nations Association of the U.S., and the American Civil Liberties Union Foundation.

Norman Dodd, who in July, 1953, was appointed as the research director of the Special Congressional Committee to Investigate Tax-Exempt Foundations, said he discovered that the oldest tax exempt foundations were established before the initiation of income taxes, therefore they existed for a different purpose. He examined minutes of the Board of Trustees, and found that for the first year, the members concentrated on whether there was any means more effective than war to alter the life of the people of a nation. They concluded that to get America into an upcoming war, they had to control the diplomatic machinery of the State Department.

Dodd discovered that all high-level appointments in the State Department took place only after they had been cleared through a group called the "Council of Learned Societies", which was established by the Carnegie Endowment. He saw in the minutes of the Carnegie Board, record of a note to President Wilson, requesting that he "...see to it that the War does not end too quickly."

Syndicated columnist Joseph Kraft, writing in Harper's in July, 1958, said that records indicated that the Carnegie trustees hoped to involve the U.S. in a world war to set the stage for world government. Dodd said they wanted:

"...to bring the idea of "one-world" (government) to the point where it is acceptable to the people of this country. That is the primary aim, and everything that has happened since then is a means to that one end."

Their memos indicated that they believed their efforts were successful, because the war "had brought about a change in the American psyche."

In the archives of the Endowment, Dodd discovered that they felt that:

"...the only way to maintain control of the population was to obtain control of education in the U.S. They realized this was a prodigious task so they approached the Rockefeller Foundation with the suggestion that they go in tandem and that portion of education which could be considered as domestically oriented be taken over by the Rockefeller Foundation and that portion which was oriented to international matters be taken over by the Carnegie Endowment."

Dodd said that "they decided that the success of this program lay in an alteration in the manner in which American history was to be presented." The Guggenheim Foundation agreed to award fellowships to historians recommended by the Carnegie Endowment, and a group of 20 were assembled and sent to London where they were briefed and became founding members of the American History Association. In 1928, the A.H.A. was given a grant of $400,000 by Carnegie to write a 7-volume study on the direction the nation was to take. The secret of its success would be that it would be done gradually.

Rene Wormser, legal counsel to Reece's Committee, said that the Carnegie Endowment was attempting to mold the minds of our children by deciding "what should be read in our schools and colleges." He also described how the Rockefeller Foundation, the Ford Foundation, the Carnegie Endowment, and the Carnegie Corporation jointly sponsor conferences to push the goals of the United Nations.

The investigation by Reece's Special House Committee, found that the Carnegie Corporation financed the writing and publication of the Proper Study of Mankind by Stuart Chase, the book praised by the communist agents Harry Dexter White and Lauchlin Currie, which outlined an "ideal" society in which the individual is suppressed. Over 50,000 copies of the book were distributed by the foundation to libraries and scholars. They also gave a $340,000 grant to print a 17-volume study on American education by Dr. George Counts, which was later called "an educational program for a socialist America."

The Ford Foundation

In 1903, Henry Ford, Sr. (1863-1947) founded the Ford Motor Company, and in 1907, he bought out all of his partners, so his family would control the entire company. In 1924, he was so popular, that various polls indicated that he would be elected President if he ran.

In 1936, with his son Edsel, he established the Ford Foundation as an inheritance tax dodge, which he saw as a plot to take money away from Americans, and for his family to retain control after his death. An enemy of the establishment, Ford wanted American hero Charles A. Lindbergh, Jr. (who supported the conservative "America First" movement) to be the Director of his Foundation, but Lindbergh refused. Ford, and his son Edsel, died before the Foundation's leadership could be placed in safe hands, and control passed to Edsel's widow, and grandson Henry Ford II (who later married into the Rothschild family), who brought in such "insiders" as William Benton, Dr. Robert M. Hutchins (who became Associate Director), and Paul G. Hoffman (who became the Chief Administrator).

The Ford Foundation, with assets of $4 billion, is the world's largest endowment. They own 90% of Ford Motor's stock. Ford also established the Edison Institute; and the Henry Ford Hospital, which gave two-thirds of its grants to education, and one-third to communications, public health, economic development, science, engineering, senior citizens, the humanities and the arts.

[Some typical activities that the Foundation has provided grants for in the past:]

pro-Castro Mexican-American Youth Organization in Texas
the Marxist Black group known as Congress on Racial Equality (C.O.R.E.) ($475,000)
the leftist National Students Association ($315,000)
the socialist Citizens Crusade Against Poverty ($508,500)
the communist-controlled Southern Christian Leadership Conference ($230,000)
the leftist Urban League ($1,600,000)
American Friends Service Committee, which encouraged pacifism and resistance to military service ($100,000)
National Council of Churches ($108,000)
Anti-Defamation League ($35,000)
National Catholic Conference for Interracial Justice ($552,000)
American Jewish Congress ($100,000)
American Council for Nationalities Service ($200,000)
National Committee Against Discrimination in Housing ($162,000)
Council on Foreign Relations ($1,000,000)
Adlai E. Stevenson Institute of International Affairs ($1,000,000)
UNESCO ($200,000)
United Nations Association ($150,000)
Institute for International Education ($1,625,000)
American Assembly ($166,000)
World Affairs Council ($102,000)
Congress for Cultural Freedom ($1,500,000)
the Committee for Economic Development's Foreign Policy Research ($275,000)
National Committee on U.S.-China Relations ($250,000)
the communist-staffed Southern Regional Council ($648,000)
the leftist National Educational Television and Radio Center ($6,000,000)
the Public Broadcast Laboratory ($7,900,000)

In November, 1953, Norman Dodd, Director of Research for the House Special Committee investigating the tax-exempt foundations, was told by Roman Gaither, President of the Ford Foundation, that:

"Most of the men who are now running the foundations, formerly worked for the State Department, the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Association, the Marshall Plan or other foreign relief agencies, and that in those capacities, they were working under instructions from the White House to bring about such sociological, economic, and political changes, as would make union with communist Russia easy and comfortable for the American people. Now, in the foundations, we are working toward the same objectives."

Gaither said that the Ford Foundation operated under directives which "emanate from the White House," and that:

"[the] substance of the directives under which we operate is that we shall use our grant-making power so to alter life in the United States that we can be comfortably merged with the Soviet Union."

The Fund for the Republic (one of the six other Ford-controlled foundations), founded in 1953 under the direction of Robert G. Hoffman and Robert M. Hutchins, are known for their attacks on the internal security program of America, and criticism towards the FBI and Congressional committees investigating communism. They were responsible for ending the anti-communist fervor that was sweeping the country. They were also responsible for the establishment of the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions, in Santa Barbara, California, who developed a Constitution for one-world government.

Robert McNamara, an executive with the Ford Motor Co., became the Foundation's President in 1960, later resigning to serve as the Secretary of Defense (1961-68) in the Kennedy and Johnson Administration. He helped lay the foundation for the SALT treaty. In 1968, he became President of the World Bank.

McGeorge Bundy, a CFR member, the Chief Advisor for Foreign Affairs for Kennedy and Johnson, became President of the Foundation in 1966. He ushered in an era of social unrest by announcing that the Negro movement, "the first of the nation's problems," would be his top priority.

[Steve Gardner]

World War I

World War I began in 1914, and in 1915 the United States, which was not yet involved, lent France and Great Britain $500 million through American banks. In 1916, a single French loan totaled $750 million. In all, the total amount of the loans to these allied countries amounted to $3 billion, plus another $6 billion for exports, none of which were repaid. This was just one of the reasons for America's entry into the war. Had Germany won, those bonds held by American bankers would have been worthless. J.P. Morgan (who served as England's financial agent in the U.S.), Rockefeller (who made more than $200,000,000 on the war), Warburg, and Schiff, were instrumental in pushing America into the war, so they could protect their loans to Europe.

The Illuminati-controlled newspapers publicized and played-up the sinking of the British auxiliary cruiser, the Lusitania, which was torpedoed by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. The Germans said they had the right to attack an allied ship even though the United States, up to that time, had been neutral. The Lusitania, which had been converted into an ammunition war ship early in the war, was armed with guns and was carrying six million pounds of ammunition which were to be sold to England and France for use in the war against Germany.

It was illegal for American passengers to be on board a ship carrying munitions, and on May 1, 1915, the German embassy in Washington, D.C. ran ads in the New York papers in addition to verbal announcements warning Americans that the ship would be attacked. Three months earlier, Germany had issued a proclamation that the waters around the British Isles were part of the war zone. In addition, it was later revealed that on December 14, 1914 British Intelligence broke the German war code which meant that the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, knew the location of every U-Boat in the English Channel area.

When the ship was sunk off the coast of Ireland, 1201 people were killed including 128 Americans. The Illuminati used the incident to create a war fever portraying the Germans as being barbaric. Because of President Wilson's handling of the Lusitania affair, William Jennings Bryan, his Secretary of State, resigned.

Colonel House was already in England making firm commitments that America would enter the war, and on April 6, 1917, Congress declared war selling it as a "war to end all wars" and a war "to make the world safe for democracy."

When the war was finally over, over 63,000 American soldiers had been killed in the fighting. A year later, in 1919, Lenin offered four-fifths of Soviet territory in exchange for the formal recognition of his communist government and economic aid from the United States. He offered to accept the creation of allied-sponsored non-communist states in the Baltic region in the area of Archangel, Western Byelorussia, half of the Ukraine, Crimea, the Caucasus, the Ural Mountains, and all of Siberia. Wilson rejected the offer for "patriotic reasons" because the Illuminati had big plans for that country. Had he accepted the offer, Russia would have never have become a world power.
The League of Nations

Before World War I, the Illuminati, using various influential groups in the United States and Great Britain, urged the creation of an organization to promote world peace, even though George Washington [had] warned against involvement with foreign nations. President Wilson favored the idea and echoed those sentiments in his famous "Peace Without Victory" speech before the Senate. He proposed his idea of a League of Nations to the Senate in 1917, seeing it as a means of preventing another World War. It would provide "collective security," or in other words, an attack on one would be considered an attack on all. The League would also help in the arbitration of international disputes, the reduction of armaments, and the development of open diplomacy.

The armistice ending World War I on November 11, 1918, was negotiated on the basis of Wilson's "Fourteen Points" and on June 28, 1919 was included in the Treaty of Versailles, a 20-year truce which divided up Europe setting the stage for World War II. It demanded that Germany pay war reparations to the victorious countries. The Allies maintained that "since Germany was responsible for the War she was liable for the costs and damages incurred by the victors." This amount was set at $32 billion plus interest which called for annual payments of $500 million, plus a 26% surcharge on exports. The agreement forced Germany to forfeit some of her prime provinces, colonies, and natural resources. They signed away their rights, had to make trade concessions, and lost what property they had in those foreign countries.

The Treaty was widely criticized. David Lloyd George, the Prime Minister of England, said:

"We have written a document that guarantees war in 20 years ... When you place conditions on a people (Germany) that it cannot possibly keep, you force it to either breech the agreement or to war. Either we modify that agreement, and make it tolerable to the German people, or when the new generation comes along they will try again."

Lord Curzon, the British Foreign Secretary, said: "This is no peace, this is only a truce for twenty years!" Even President Wilson was reported to have said: "If I were a German, I think I should never sign it."

League of Nations was signed and sealed at the Paris Peace Conference. Even though the United States was represented by Wilson, Col. House was calling the shots. Bernard Baruch, who, as head of the War Industries Board made about $200,000,000 for himself, was also in the American delegation at the Paris Conference as well as Walter Lippman (who later became a syndicated newspaper columnist), Allen Dulles (who was appointed Director of the CIA in 1951), John Foster Dulles (brother of Allen, who later became the Secretary of State under Eisenhower), and Christian Herter (who became Secretary of State after the death of Dulles). English Prime Minister George was accompanied by Sir Philip Sassoon, a member of the British Privy Council and a direct descendant of Amschel Rothschild. Georges Clemenceau, the French Prime Minister, had at his side his advisor Georges Mandel, also known as Jeroboam Rothschild.

The citizens of the United States refused to accept the League of Nations because they felt it would draw them into future European conflicts. Frank B. Kellogg (who in 1925 became Secretary of State under Coolidge), inspired by the American "outlawry of war" movement and supported by those who were disappointed at the failure of the United States to enter the League, proposed a pact to the French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand in the spring of 1927. Its purpose was to create alliances directed against a possible resurgence of German aggression. This "Pact of Paris" was signed on August 27, 1928 by 65 nations who promised to settle all international disputes by peaceful means.

Because of the efforts of Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge who saw through Wilson's plan, the United States didn't join the League and in 1921 made a separate peace treaty with Germany and Austria.

The League of Nations, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, throughout the 1920's gained new members and helped settle minor international disputes. However, weakened by the failure of the United States to join and the restlessness of nations who were not satisfied such as Japan, Italy and Germany, the Illuminati's second attempt at establishing a one-world government failed. The League had little impact on international affairs and ceased to exist in 1946 when the United Nations was established [to replace it].

What the League of Nations did do was allow the Illuminati to get more of a grip on world finances. Countries which belonged to the League sought financial aid from the United States wherein Rockefeller said that no country could get a loan unless the International Bankers controlled the bank. If they had no [qualified] bank, they were [required] to set one up. Through the Bank for International Settlements, established in 1930, the Illuminati was able to control more of the world's money.

Selecting the President: The Electoral College

A contributing factor to Wilson's election to the Presidency, and how the Illuminati controls the American electorate today, is accomplished through a process known as the Electoral College. Because delegates to the Constitutional Convention which met in Philadelphia in 1787 thought that the general public lacked the insight and the judgment necessary to elect a President and could be easily misled by irresponsible candidates, they enacted the Electoral College to do the job. [See Article II, Section 1. State governments were to choose the electors who would then meet to elect the President. --ed]

The President and Vice-President are the only public officials in the country who are not elected through a direct vote of the people. Each party, in every state, has a slate of electoral candidates based on the number of representatives it has in Congress. They are known as the Electoral College. Presently, there are 100 Senators and 435 Representatives in the United States, plus 3 votes from the District of Columbia, for a total of 538 electoral votes.

The electors of the Party receiving the highest vote are elected and meet on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December to vote for their party's nominees. Even though the members of the Electoral College are pledged to vote for the presidential candidate of their Party, they are not constitutionally bound to do so and can change their mind at any time. Technically, however, a candidate wins all of the state's electoral votes if he wins a majority of the popular votes [in that state].

If a presidential candidate has the largest [overall] popular vote, but doesn't obtain the necessary electoral votes, he doesn't win the Presidency. This happened in 1824, 1876, 1888, and 2000. If no candidate has a majority, then the House of Representatives chooses a President from the three highest candidates, with all the Representatives from each state combining to cast one vote for each state. If a Vice-Presidential candidate receives no clear majority, then the Senate chooses from the top two, with each Senator casting an individual vote.

Therefore, the candidate's objective is not to win a majority of the popular vote, but a majority of the electoral votes, which is 270. Thus, if a candidate could be guaranteed just eleven states (leaving 267 remaining electoral votes in 39 states, and the District of Columbia), he could be guaranteed the Presidency: California (55), Texas (34), New York (31), Florida (27), Pennsylvania (21), Illinois (21), Ohio (20), Michigan (17), New Jersey (15), Georgia (15), and North Carolina (15). Combined, these states have 271 electoral votes.

That is why you see a concentration of effort in these states at election time. With the Illuminati controlling the media in these large population centers, it is not a difficult task to alter public opinion and sway votes to the candidate they choose. With these states in line, the rest of the country generally follows. The bottom line is that the people's right to choose a President has practically been taken away, and without the financial resources necessary to fight it, there is very little that can be done.

The Great Seal: Symbol of the Illuminati

When Weishaupt founded the Order of the Illuminati, he adopted the All-Seeing Eye symbol of Masonry to be the symbol of the organization. It is the Great Pyramid of Cheops, with the capstone missing and replaced with an eye. The All-Seeing Eye can be traced back to Chaldea as the Solar Eye, the Eye of Jupiter or Apollo, or the Eye of Providence. Hieroglyphics in ancient Egypt identified the name of the chief sun god Osiris with [the symbol of] a human eye.

On July 4, 1776, Thomas Jefferson (a Mason and Illuminist), John Adams (a Mason), and Ben Franklin (a Mason and Rosicrucian), were appointed by a Committee of the Continental Congress to prepare the "Great Seal of the United States" to signify that the 13 states had united in an act of independence.

After some preliminary work by another [artist], William Barton submitted an Eagle on the pinnacle of a Doric column, the All-Seeing Eye, and the stars (representing a new constellation, or new empire). Barton's second design pushed the All-Seeing Eye to the reverse side, and moved the eagle up to the crest, and placed a phoenix (a mythical bird that would be consumed with fire of its own volition, then be resurrected out of its own ashes, which was the Egyptian symbol of regeneration used by the Rosicrucians) rising from the flames at the column's summit, which was to indicate the revival of the new (America) out of the old (England).

This design was accepted on May 9, 1782 and referred to Charles Thompson (a Mason), the Secretary of Congress on June 13th. The final version, approved and adopted by an act of Congress on June 20, 1782, was the result of a series of committee meetings which combined ideas from Barton, Thompson and Jefferson, who placed a triangle around the eye, added the year 1776, [the motto] 'E Pluribus Unum,' the olive branch on the front, stars above the eagle, and other things. Within weeks, a brass plate of the face of the Great Seal was produced, but not the reverse side.

When the original [plate] wore out, a second engraving was ordered in 1841 by Secretary of State Daniel Webster. Although the design of the seal was not to deviate from the one approved, the design by French artist R. P. Lamplier and cut by John V. N. Throop had many subtle differences, such as six rather than thirteen arrows, and the phoenix clearly became an eagle. Referred to as the Websterian Great Seal, it was used until 1885.

The third engraving was prepared in 1885 under Secretary of State F.T. Frelinghuysen and cut by Tiffany and Co., and the fourth engraving, under Secretary of State John Hay, engraved by Max Zeiler, and cut by Baily, Banks & Biddle, were both consistent with the design passed by law in 1782.

A committee appointed by Frelinghuysen, consisting of Theodore F. Dwight (Chief of the Bureau of Rolls and Library of the State Department), Justin Winsor (historian), Charles Eliot Norton (Harvard professor), William H. Whitmore (genealogist), John Denison Chaplin, Jr. (associate editor of American Cyclopedia) and James Horton Whitehouse (designer for Tiffany and Co. in New York City) decided that a die for the reverse side of the seal would not be produced and used as an official seal. Norton called it a "dull emblem of a Masonic fraternity." However, a 1957 pamphlet by the U.S. Government Printing Office, called The Seal of the United States, indicated that in 1885 "a die may have been cut," but never used.

The Great Seal of the United States

(Obverse)<----------------------------------->(Reverse)

Celestia Root Lang (editor and publisher of Divine Life magazine from the Independent Theosophical Society of America) wrote in 1917:

"The reverse side must have been designed by a mystic, one versed in symbolism ... The time will come ... when the white stone (pyramid capstone) will become the headstone of the corner of our government ... in proclaiming a new religion in which all spiritual currents flowing from every religion shall meet in the perfection of the white stone ... having neither dogma nor doctrine ... We see in Mr. Barton only the facade of the instrument; that if he himself was not a mystic or seer, then a Master [thought to have been Thomas Paine] stood behind him."

Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. wrote in his book The Coming of the New Deal, that Vice President Henry A. Wallace (a Mason) was "fascinated" by the occult, and was impressed enough with the significance of the reverse side of the Great Seal to lobby Treasury Secretary Henry Morganthau to have it put on the back of the one dollar bill in 1935. Wallace later ran for President as a Socialist. What this gesture meant, was that the Illuminati had finally reached the point where they could set into motion their plans for the New World Order by initiating the destruction of our Constitution.

The front side of the Great Seal, or the Eagle, is well known. It is used to seal all governmental documents. The reverse side displays a pyramid, with an eye in the capstone and a Latin inscription around it. This seems to be a continuation of the Masonic symbolism found on the front. The number thirteen is displayed prominently, and was thought to have referred to the thirteen colonies. However, the number thirteen was a mystical number to the Egyptians and Babylonians, and also the Masons.

There are many 13's in the Great Seal:
13 stars in the crest
13 stripes and bars in the shield
13 olive leaves
13 olives
13 arrows in the right claw
13 feathers in the arrows
13 letters in "Annuit Coeptis"
13 letters in "E Pluribus Unum"
13 courses of stone in the pyramid
13 X 9 dots in the divisions around the crest

It has been said that the cluster of 13 five-pointed stars above the head of the eagle is actually a representation of a hexagram, which is the most evil of all occult symbols, and is used to invoke Satan.

This is not to be confused with the Star of David, Mogen David, or Seal of Solomon, which consists of two interlaced equilateral triangles, which symbolize the union of God and man.

There are 32 long feathers on the right wing which represent the 32 degrees in Scottish Rite Masonry, and there are 33 feathers on the left, which represent the 33 degrees of York Rite Freemasonry. The pyramid has thirteen levels, said to represent the 13 bloodlines, and within the capstone is an eye. It is not the eye of God, as we have been taught to believe. It stems from Masonic tradition, where it is known as the 'Eye of Horus' (the Sun God) or the 'All-Seeing Eye,' which refers to the protection of Providence "whose eye never slumbers nor sleeps", alluding to the 'Big Brother' system of constant surveillance. To the Illuminati, it represents the eye of Satan, who its members worship.

The pyramid represents the organizational structure of the Illuminati, and the capstone containing the eye represents the House of Rothschild who control the group and have perpetuated the goal of one-world government. Some sources claim that on the top level, the 1st block represents the Council of 13 (the 13 most powerful witches), the 2nd block represents the Council of 33 (33 highest ranking Masons in the world), and the 3rd block is the Council of 500 (500 richest people and corporations in the world). [Speculation --ed]

According to the original Treasury Department press release of August 15, 1935, which gave details of the symbol being put on the back of the one dollar bill, said the following: "The eye and triangular glory symbolize an all-seeing Deity. The pyramid is the symbol of strength and its unfinished condition denoted the belief of the designers of the Great Seal that there was still work to be done." Notice they said "Deity," and not "God."

The news release indicated that the Latin phrase "Annuit Coeptis" is translated as "he (God) favored our undertakings," and comes from Virgil's 'audacibus annue coeptis' or "favor my daring undertaking," which refers to the 'golden' age during which the 'Saturnian' (Saturn was the father of Osiris) kingdom shall return. "Novus Ordo Seclorum" is translated as 'a new order of the ages,' which is taken from Virgil's 'magnus ab integro seclorum nascitur ordo' or "the great series of ages begins anew." To the Illuminati, the combination of these two Latin phrases is translated as: "Announcing the Birth of a New Secular Order."

The date 1776, found at the base of the pyramid in Roman numerals, doesn't refer to July 4th, the date of the country's independence, but May 1st, when the Illuminati was founded. May 1st is also an international holiday for all workers, known as May Day, which was established in 1889 at the International Socialist Congress.

Now, take a pen, and on the seal on the left side of the bill, find the word "Annuit" and draw a circle around the first letter 'A.' Find the word "Coeptis" and draw a circle around the last letter 'S.' Find the word "Novus" and draw a circle around the first letter 'N.' Find the word "Ordo" and draw a circle around the last letter 'O.' Find the word 'Seclorum' and draw a circle around the last letter 'M.' Now, take your pen, and starting from 'N' to the top of the capstone, back down to 'M' and back over to 'N' (utilizing the entire pyramid as one triangle). Then draw a line from 'A' to 'S' then down to 'O' and then back up to 'A' which is the second triangle. Not only will you will see a representation of the six-pointed star, but you will also an anagram that spells the word M-A-S-O-N.

The reverse side of the Great Seal, which can be found in the Meditation Room of the United Nations, has never been used to seal one document in this country's history, and it never will, because it is the seal of the Illuminati.

[Steve Gardner]

Promoting Racial Tension

In the book A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century, published in 1913 by Israel Cohen of the Fabian Society (a follow-up to Zangwill's Melting Pot), he wrote:

"We must realize that our Party's most powerful weapon is racial tension. By propounding into the consciousness of the dark races, that for centuries have been oppressed by the whites, we can mold them to the program of the Communist Party ... In America, we will aim for subtle victory.

While enflaming the Negro minority against the Whites, we will instill in the Whites a guilt complex for the exploitation of the Negroes. We will aid the Negroes to rise to prominence in every walk of life, in the professions, and in the world of sports and entertainment. With this prestige, the Negroes will be able to intermarry with the Whites, and begin a process which will deliver America to our cause."

On June 17, 1957, this passage was read into the Congressional Record by Rep. Thomas G. Abernathy.

In 1922, the Russian Comintern provided $300,000 for the spreading of communist propaganda among Negroes. In 1925, the Communist Party U.S.A. told its members:

"The aim of our Party in our work among the Negro masses is to create a powerful proletarian movement which will fight and lead the struggle of the Negro race against the exploitation and oppression in every form and which will be a militant part of the revolutionary movement of the whole American working class ... and connect them with the struggles of national minorities and colonial peoples of all the world and thereby the cause of world revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat."

In 1925, a dozen blacks were recruited for propaganda training in Russia. That same year, the American Negro Labor Congress was established. In 1930, they changed their name to the League of Struggle for Negro Rights. They merged with the United Negro Congress when it was founded in 1936 in Washington, D.C. By 1940, communists made up two-thirds of its membership. In 1947, they united with the Civil Rights Congress, a communist front group.

In a 1928 pamphlet by John Pepper (alias for Joseph Pogany) called American Negro Problems, a move was being made by Stalin to ferment revolution and stir the blacks into creating a separate Republic for the Negro. Another pamphlet put out by the New York Communist Party in 1935, called The Negroes in a Soviet America, urged the blacks to rise up and form a Soviet State in the South by applying for admission to the Comintern. It contained a firm pledge that a revolt would be supported by all American communists and liberals. On page 48, it said that the Soviet Government would give the blacks more benefits than they would give to the whites, and "any act of discrimination or prejudice against the Negro would become a crime under the revolutionary law."

In The Communist Party: A Manual On Organization by J. Peters, he writes:

"The other important ally of the American proletariat is their mass of 13,000,000 Negro people in their struggle against national oppression. The Communist Party, as the revolutionary party of the proletariat, is the only party which is courageously and resolutely carrying on a struggle against the double exploitation and national oppression of the Negro people, becoming intense with the developing crisis, [and] can win over the great masses of the Negro people as allies of the Proletariat against the American bourgeosie."

In James Cannon's America's Road to Socialism, he says that the Negroes:

"...will play a great and decisive role in the revolution ... And why shouldn't they be? They have nothing to lose but their poverty and discrimination, and a whole world of prosperity, freedom, and equality to gain. You can bet your boots the Negro will join the Revolution to fight for that -- once it becomes clear to them that it cannot be gained except by revolution."

The former FBI Director, J. Edgar Hoover, said of the Communist goals:

"Communists seek to advance the cause of communism by injecting themselves into racial situations and in exploiting them, (1) to intensify the frictions between Negroes and Whites to 'prove' that discrimination against the minorities is an inherent defect of the capitalistic system, (2) to foster domestic disunity by dividing Negroes and Whites into antagonistic, warring factions, (3) to undermine and destroy established authority, (4) to incite racial strife and riotous activity, and (6) to portray the Communist movement as the 'champion' of social protest and the only force capable of ameliorating the conditions of the Negro and the oppressed."

In light of all this, you can see why the Supreme Court under elitist Earl Warren issued the desegregation law in 1954, and why Eisenhower and Kennedy enforced it by using Federal troops. It was to create more tension between blacks and whites. Incidentally, it was the Warren Court who prohibited prayer and the singing of Christmas carols in the schools. This was intended to weaken Christianity.

In April and May of 1992, after four policemen were acquitted in the beating of a black man named Rodney King, massive race riots swept across south-central Los Angeles and the military had to be sent in to restore order. It was reported that 600 buildings were burned and 52 people killed. Damage estimates ran as high as $1 billion. Incidents were also reported in Atlanta, Las Vegas, San Francisco, Miami, and Seattle. Even though the blacks in this country have achieved quite a bit in the past 30 years, oppression [combined with radical propaganda] has created a generation that thinks nothing of using the political power of violence and demonstration to make their views known. This powder keg could be ignited again in the future, on a wider scale, in order to create a nationwide crisis.

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Jacob Schiff, the Rothschild's man in America, decided that the best way to create racial tension was to establish leadership among the blacks. In 1909, he laid out plans for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). It was the merging of the communist-controlled Niagara Movement, a group of blacks led by W.E.B. duBois, and a group of white social activists. In the beginning, the top leaders of the NAACP were a group of Jews appointed by Schiff. Their goal was to fight segregation and discrimination. They are now the largest black organization in the country, with well over 1500 chapters, and about a half-million members.

Communist Party members were told to join the NAACP in order to infiltrate them. The Communist Party platform stated: "The Negro race must understand that capitalism means racial oppression, and communism means social and racial equality." Manning Johnson, who held the highest position a black could have in the Communist Party, said in his 1958 book Color, Communism and Common Sense that he quit because he felt Russia was attempting to involve them in a bloody revolution where as many as five million blacks would die. Another Negro Communist, Leonard Patterson, testified on November 18, 1950:

"I left the Communist Party because I became convinced ... that the Communist Party was only interested in promoting among the Negro people a national liberational movement that would aid the Communist Party in its efforts to create a proletarian revolution in the United States that would overthrow the government by force and violence through bloody full-time revolution, and substitute it with a Soviet form of government with a dictatorship of the proletariat."

Martin Luther King

The May, 1968 issue of Political Affairs, the voice of the Communist Party, wrote after the death of Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.:

"The Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., the voice, inspiration and symbol of the Negro people's struggle for freedom and equality, is dead ... The man who, more than anyone else, personified the heroic determination of the black people to win their liberation now. One of humanity's great leaders has been silenced forever ... We must see that his memory not be desecrated. We must not fail to do all in our power to realize the dream for which he died."

King, the most powerful black leader in the country, was a pawn of the Illuminati. He supported North Vietnam during the War, and was photographed in 1957 at the Highlander Folk School, a communist training school in Tennessee, with Abner Berry who held a post on the Central Committee of the Communist Party. The Joint Legislative Committee on Un-American Activities reported that his Southern Christian Leadership Conference was "substantially under the control of the Communist Party through the influence of the Southern Conference Educational Fund and the communists who manage it." King had connections with over 60 communist front organizations. Nine of his closest aides were high-ranking communist activists and one of those later became an aide to Rev. Jesse Jackson. Stanley Levison, who had been a King advisor since 1956, had been involved with the Communist Party up to 1955 and brought other known communists onto King's staff.

Rev. Uriah J. Fields, King's secretary during the early years, wrote about him:

"King helps to advance Communism. He is surrounded with Communists. This is the major reason I severed my relationship with him during the fifties. He is soft on Communism."

Karl Prussion, an FBI agent who infiltrated the Communist Party and for five years attended meetings in California, testified in 1963:

"I further swear and attest that at each and everyone of the aforementioned meetings, one Reverend Martin Luther King was always set forth as the individual to whom Communists should look and rally around in the Communist struggle on many racial issues."

Julia Brown, a former Communist, said:

"We were told to promote Martin Luther King to unite Negroes and also Whites behind him ... He was taking directions from Communists. I know for a fact the Communists would never have promoted him, financed him, and supported him if they couldn't trust him. I am certain as I can be that he knew what he was doing."

Although a 1977 court order sealed the FBI's extensive surveillance records on King in the National Archives for 50 years, a book by Sen. Jesse Helms in 1998 called The King Holiday and Its Meaning said that Charles D. Brennan, an Assistant Director of the FBI who was personally involved in the surveillance, characterized his activities as "orgiastic and adulterous escapades" in which he could be "bestial in his sexual abuse of women." He also observed that "King frequently drank to excess."

The 1981 book by David Garrow called The FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr. told of King's liaisons with prostitutes and the misappropriation of Southern Christian Leadership Conference funds. The FBI investigation had led J. Edgar Hoover to say that "King is a tom cat with obsessive degenerate sexual urges," and President Lyndon Johnson to call him a "hypocrite preacher."

B'nai B'rith and the Anti-Defamation League (ADL)

The oldest Jewish service organization, known as the B'nai B'rith (which means 'Son of the Covenant'), was a secret Masonic order founded by twelve wealthy American Jews in New York in 1843. In 1913, Schiff, along with Chicago author and attorney Sigmund Livingston, reorganized the group and established the Anti-Defamation League of the B'nai B'rith (ADL) to fight anti-Semetism and religious prejudice.

They have been used as an instrument to convince people that an attack on the Rothschilds and the Illuminati is a direct attack on the Jewish people. They are the most powerful Jewish organization in the world, with chapters in 44 countries. In the United States, they have over 2,000 agencies, about 25 regional offices, and a membership of a half-million. Its leaders had controlled the NAACP, the [National] Urban League, and other black organizations, and often worked closely with the ACLU. Their influence on advertising with some major department stores, hotel chains, and major corporations has been able to slant the media toward blacks. Nearly half of their annual budget comes through donations from non-Jews.

The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

The American League to Limit Armaments was established on December 18, 1914, a spin-off of the Emergency Peace Federation led by communist Louis Lochner. The League was organized by Jane Addams, John Haynes Holmes, George Foster Peabody, Stephen Wise, L. Hollingsworth Wood, and Morris Hillquit, all [of whom were] communists and socialists. In 1915, they changed their name to the American Union Against Militarism, establishing a Civil Liberties Bureau to oppose draft laws.

The director of the Bureau, socialist Roger Baldwin, reorganized it into the National Civil Liberties Bureau, and in 1920 with the help of Jane Addams, Clarence Darrow, Norman Thomas, Felix Frankfurter, and Arthur Garfield Hays, founded the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). Their goal was to fight for "the rights of man (as) set forth in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution."

The original National Committee of the ACLU included Elizabeth Gurley Flynn and William Z. Foster, who both later became Chairmen of the Communist Party, communist Scott Nearing, and Norman Thomas, Socialist Party Chairman. Since the 1920's, 80% of its National Committee members had Communist connections. In 1935, Baldwin said:

"I am for socialism, disarmament, and ultimately for abolishing the State itself as an instrument of violence and compulsion. I seek the social ownership of property, the abolition of the propertied class and social control of those who produce wealth. Communism is the goal."

In 1920, a Joint Committee of the New York State Legislature reported that the ACLU:

"...in the last analysis is a supporter of all subversive movements; and its propaganda is detrimental to the interests of the State. It attempts not only to protect crime, but to encourage attacks upon our institutions in every form."

A September, 1923 report by the United Mine Workers of America, said that the group:

"...is working in harmony and unity with the Communist superstructure in America ... conducting a nationwide campaign for the liberation of Bolshevik agents and disloyal agitators who have been convicted under the wartime laws or the syndicalist laws of different States for unpatriotic or revolutionary activities."

A January, 1931 report by the Special House Committee to Investigate Communist Activities in the United States, said:

"The American Civil Liberties Union is closely affiliated with the Communist movement in the United States ... it is quite apparent that the main function of the ACLU is to attempt to protect Communists in their advocacy of force and violence to overthrow the government..."

The California Fact-Finding Committee on Un-American Activities reported in 1943: "The American Civil Liberties Union may be definitely classed as a Communist front..." Dr. J. B. Matthews, Chief Investigator for the House Special Committee on Un-American Activities, said in January, 1955:

"In 37 years of history of the Communist movement in the United States, the Communist Party has never been able to do as much for itself as the American Civil Liberties Union has done for it."

The ACLU is made up of about 200,000 members, with an army of 3,000 unpaid volunteer attorneys, and chapters in 47 states. They are a finger organization of the Illuminati, and are most noted for their cases involving the separation of church and state. They have defended the rights of Jehovah Witnesses to refrain from saluting the flag, and to protect the rights of the Nazis and KKK to organize and speak freely. They have become the most powerful weapon against the Church and Christian tradition in this country.

[Steve Gardner]

...and the Rhodes Scholars

The British East India Company (1600-1858)

The British East India Company was a British commercial and political organization established in India in the late 1600's, which was known as the Governor and Company of Merchants of London. A forerunner of this group was the London Mercers Company, and earlier than that, the London Staplers. The organization traced their lineage back to the ancient commercial groups involved in trading between the Mediterranean and India. [1]

It was mainly organized for trading, but soon became an agent for British imperialism. Bending to government pressure, they reorganized in 1702. Every year, 24 Directors were elected by the Court of Proprietors (or shareholders, a majority of which were English Masons). They traded in cotton, tea, silk, and salt peter; and were accused of dealing with opium and participating in the slave trade. They virtually monopolized all trade from South India, the Persian Gulf, Southeast Asia and East Asia. [Their participation in the China opium trade and Opium Wars is documented. --ed]

Indian policy was influenced by the company from 1757 to 1773, when their power was broken by the 1773 Regulatory Act, and Pitt's India Act of 1784, finally ending their monopoly in 1813. When they ceased to exist in 1873, many of its shareholders were major financiers. The principals of this group perpetuated their elitist goals by establishing the Fabian Society.

The Fabian Socialist Society (1884- )

On October 24, 1883, in London, a group of 17 wealthy Socialists gathered to discuss a 'Fellowship of the New Life,' which was based on the writings of scholar Thomas Davidson, who hoped to start some sort of monastic order. The group included:

George Bernard Shaw
Graham Wallas, a classical scholar
Sidney James Webb, a civil servant and influential socialist
Edward Pease
Havelock Ellis
Frank Podmore
Annie Besant, a member of the Theosophical Society
John Galsworthy
R.H. Tawney
G.D.H. Cole
Harold Laski
Israel Cohen, a Jewish writer
Israel Zangwill (1864-1926), a Jewish playwright and novelist, who in 1910 wrote the play The Melting Pot, which was a propaganda play showing how Americans discriminated against Blacks and Jews.

Some of these people were also members of the Society for Psychichal Research, an organization dedicated to spiritualism research, which was founded in 1882.

On November 7, 1883, this group met to discuss the establishment of an organization "whose ultimate aim shall be the reconstruction of Society in accordance with the highest moral possibilities." However, they split into two factions, and on January 4, 1884, one of the factions established a group known as the Fabian Society. On January 25th, one member, J. G. Stapleton, delivered their first lecture, called "Social Conditions in England, With a View to Social Reconstruction or Development." At a time when there were 30,000 Socialist voters, after a few weeks they only had 20 members. In April, 1884, their first publication was distributed, a four-page pamphlet called Why Are We Poor?

In May 1884, journalist George Bernard Shaw (1864-1926) joined and soon became the leading figure of the Fabians. He was a free-thinking Marxist-atheist writer whose plays contained socialistic references, an ideology he pursued after hearing a speech by American economist Henry George in 1882 and reading Marx's Das Kapital. (He later won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1925).

In March, 1885, Sidney Webb (1859-1947), then a clerk from the Colonial Office, joined; and in 1886, so did Graham Wallas. Shaw, Webb, Wallas, and Sidney Oliver became known as the 'Big Four.' The other faction, known as 'The Fellowship,' continued for 15 years under Davidson, with members such J. Ramsey MacDonald (who later became Prime Minister), Edward Carpenter, and Havelock Ellis.

In 1884, John W. Martin and Rev. W. D. P. Bliss moved to Boston (MA), and established a magazine known as The American Fabian. The move was an unsuccessful effort to bring the Fabian's socialistic movement to New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Chicago.

In 1887, their pamphlet Facts for Socialists maintained that any person who knew the facts of Socialism, had no other choice but to be one. It was their best selling piece of propaganda. By 1889, 6500 tracts had been distributed, and 31 speakers had delivered 721 lectures. From 1891-92, there had been 3,339 lectures given by 117 Fabian members. Their membership rose to 400 by 1892, 681 in 1894, and 881 in 1899. They had 74 local chapters in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, South Africa, Spain, Denmark, and Germany.

In 1895, Sidney Webb founded the London School of Economics, which became a branch of the University of London. Among its major contributors: the Rockefeller Foundation, the Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, and Mrs. Ernest Elmhirst, the widow of J. P. Morgan partner Willard Straight, who founded the socialist magazine New Republic.

In 1899, The Fabian Essays, the most noted work on Socialism, was written by seven influential members of the Society, and edited by George Bernard Shaw. It became the blueprint for socialistic legislation, and was later reprinted in 1908, 1920, 1931, and 1952.

In 1912, Webb established an independent journal called The New Statesman, and later became a leader in the Labour Party, writing Labor and the Social Order in 1918. He held several political offices, and was a disciple of John Stuart Mill, who served as the Secretary of the British East India Company.

H.G. Wells and the Open Conspiracy

Fabian leaders were drawn to Herbert George Wells (1866-1946), and his ideas of the 'New Republic' which he described as "a sort of outspoken Secret Society ... an informal and open freemasonry," made up of the educated class, whose common goals would lead to the creation of a new World State, thus saving the human race from disaster. Known as the 'Prophet of Our Time' because of writing about many things before they came to be, in books like The Time Machine and War of the Worlds, Wells would give the Fabians the notoriety they needed. Edward Pease, Secretary of the Fabians, wrote to H. G. Wells on January 10, 1902, to say that Webb and his wife Beatrice, were the "pioneers of your New Republic."

Sponsored by Wallas and Shaw, Wells joined them in February, 1903. In his first lecture after joining, he said that the World State was a necessity. In his 1905 book, A Modern Utopia, he wrote of the World State taking control and creating a "sane order," and how they maintained a central records system in Paris which they used to keep track of every person on Earth and aided the state to eliminate the unfit.

Wells was unimpressed with the [effectiveness of the] Fabian organization, and called for expansion by raising money, getting new offices, appointing a new staff, and relaxing the guidelines for membership. He wanted to initiate an all-out propaganda campaign, and outlined his views in a paper called The Faults of the Fabians which dealt with the need for reorganization and why he wanted to change their name to the 'British Socialist Society.' His views were not shared by the Fabian inner circle, and in September, 1908, he resigned.

Wells maintained his socialistic views and in 1928 wrote The Open Conspiracy: Blueprints for a World Revolution which was an elaboration of ideas from his 1926 book The World of William Clissold, which gave a seven-point program for the development of the "new human community" and was inspired by the rise of Communism. These ideas had been fleshed out in his 1897 short story A Story of the Days to Come, and his 1901 book, Anticipations of the Reaction to Mechanical and Scientific Progress Upon Human Life and Thought.

The character, William Clissold, had called his project for world revolution, the "open conspiracy," which meant:

"...the establishment of the economic world-state by the deliberate invitation, explicit discussion, and cooperation of the men most interested in economic organization, men chosen by their work, called to it by a natural disposition and aptitude for it, fully aware of its importance and working with the support of an increasing general understanding ...

It is not a project to overthrow existing governments by insurrectionary attacks, but to supersede them by disregard. It does not want to destroy them or alter their forms but to make them negligible by replacing their functions. It will respect them as far as it must. What is useful of them it will use; what is useless it will efface by its stronger reality; it will join issue only with what is plainly antagonistic and actively troublesome."

His plan was to be accomplished by "an intelligent minority ... without the support of the crowd and possibly in spite of its dissent..."

The Open Conspiracy was Wells' perspective of his New Republic, which represented a classless World State that controlled everything. Its establishment would be accomplished by "functional men, men of high natural intelligence and professional competence, who performed the creative and managerial work of the world." They were recruited from "the men and women whose knowledge, skill, creative gifts made them indispensable to modern society" who would "gradually have the reins of power into their hands." The revolution was to begin through the "formation of small groups of friends, family groups, groups of students and employees or other sorts of people meeting and conversing frequently in the course of normal occupations." They were to "enlarge themselves and attempt to establish communications with kindred groups for common ends."

He further elaborated:

"The Open Conspiracy will appear first, I believe, as a conscious organization of intelligent, and in some cases wealthy men, as a movement having distinct social and political aims, confessedly ignoring most of the existing apparatus of political control, or using it only as an incidental implement in the stages, a mere movement of a number of people in a certain direction, who will presently discover, with a sort of surprise, the common object toward which they are all moving. In all sorts of ways, they will be influencing and controlling the ostensible government."

He also wrote: "From the outset, the Open Conspiracy will set its face against militarism" in the sense that they will encourage "refusal to serve in any war (as conscientious objectors) ... For the furtherance of its aims, the Open Conspiracy may work in alliance with all sorts of movements and people ... (and) restricted movements will attend only to a portion of its program."

According to Wells, expansion would occur through:

"...branching and development ... (with) the Open Conspiracy as consisting of a great multitude and variety of overlapping groups, but now all organized for collective political, social and educational as well as propagandist action. They will recognize each other much more clearly than they did at first and they will have acquired a common name ...

The character of the Open Conspiracy will now be plainly displayed. It will have become a great world movement as widespread and evident as Socialism and Communism. It will largely have taken the place of these movements. It will be more, it will be a world-religion. This large, loose, assimilatory mass of groups and societies will be definitely and obviously attempting to swallow up the entire population of the world and become the new human community."

Two years later, in a published article titled "The Banker," Wells even included the international banking houses in Clissold's "open conspiracy" through a three-point program that would by-pass governments by negotiating agreements stabilizing the currency, adjusting credit availability to control the fluctuation of business, and the withdrawal of credit to governments or armament industries who instigate an arms race.

It is obvious that Wells either based his writings on the actual plans of the Fabian elitists, or used his knowledge of what they had already done in order to formulate a theory of what they were going to do in the future. Since he did quit, were these writings meant to be an exposé or a warning, or was he just stating facts, daring people to try and stop them? We don't know his intent, but what we do know was that he was incredibly prophetic in his description of their methods. It would indeed be a 'blueprint' for the manner in which the Illuminati would entrench itself in our governmental affairs.

Edward Bernays, former head of CBS-TV and a friend of H.G. Wells, wrote in his 1928 book Propaganda:

"As civilization becomes more complex, and as the need for invisible government has been increasingly demonstrated, the technical means have been invented and developed by which public opinion may be regimented. With printing press and newspaper, the telephone, telegraph, radio and airplanes, ideas can be spread rapidly, and even instantaneously, across the whole of America."

These tools would be fully utilized to begin the destruction of America.

The secret goal of the Fabian Society was to create a godless, classless, socialistic society that was dedicated to the ultimate victory of Socialism which really meant Communism. In 1891, they became affiliated with the Second Socialist International (established in 1889), and helped establish a Democratic Socialist state in Great Britain.

The Fabian Strategy

The aims of the Fabian Society were developed by Webb from what Englishman John Ruskin (1819-1900) taught at Oxford University. Ruskin, a teacher at the Working Men's College (founded in 1854 by Christian-Socialist philosopher J. F. D. Maurice), a professor of Fine Arts at Oxford, an artist and writer, based his views on those of Socialist Robert Owen. He advocated a utopian society, and espoused theories developed from the teachings of Plato (428-347 BC), who had studied under Socrates, and became the greatest philosopher in history. Plato established an academy which operated for 800 years, producing many great men, including Aristotle. In his work, The Republic, he outlined his ideal society, which was an aristocratic society ruled by the elite. It included the elimination of marriage and the family, and introduced selective breeding by the government which would destroy all inferior offspring. In Plato's utopia, sexual equality dictated that women would fight alongside the men in times of war.

The Fabians were working towards a new world by indoctrinating young scholars who would eventually rise to power in various policy-making positions throughout the world by infiltrating educational institutions, government agencies, and political parties. Their strategy was called the "doctrine of inevitability of gradualism," which meant that their goals would be gradually achieved. So gradual, that nobody would notice, or "without breach of continuity or abrupt change of the entire social issue." The secret was evolution, not revolution, or what Webb called "permeation." Shaw (whose mistress, Florence Farr, was a witch in the Order of the Golden Dawn), revealed that their goal was to be achieved by "stealth, intrigue, subversion, and the deception of never calling Socialism by its right name." In fact, that's how they got their name. The name originated from the Roman Consul, General Quintus Fabius Maximus, the Cunctator ('Delayer'), who through patient, cautious, delaying and elusive tactics during the early phases of the Second Punic War (218-201 BC) enabled the Roman army to regroup and defeat Hannibal's stronger Carthaginian army.

One good example of this concept is television. Ever since Bible reading and prayer have been taken out of schools, the entertainment industry has been slowly and methodically taking bolder steps in the content of their programming. We are seeing things being televised, which would have never been considered thirty and forty years ago. Nudity done in ‘good taste,’ or done to be culturally or historically accurate, is acceptable. Obscene language is tolerated (especially on the radio), if it is an essential part of the plot. Even though the level of sex and violence is increasing, the rate of complaints to the television networks is decreasing. This shows a gradual acceptance on the part of the public, or what the network bosses call the “relaxing of moral standards.” This was done to brainwash our children to constantly bombard them with trash that would influence them, and turn them away from God. This is so evident with the concept of music videos, which have been able to combine sex and violence along with a hard driving musical composition that has been shown to ferment rebellion in young people.

In 1905, American Fabians established the Rand School of [Social Science] in New York City. On September 12, 1905, five of the Fabians met at Peck's Restaurant in New York's Lower Manhattan: Upton Sinclair (well-known author and socialist), Jack London (well-known fiction writer), Rev. Thomas Wentworth Higginson (a Unitarian minister), J.G. Phelps Stokes, and Clarence Darrow (legendary lawyer). They incorporated the Intercollegiate Socialist Society for the purpose of promoting "an intelligent interest in socialism among college men and women," and established chapters at Harvard, Princeton, Columbia, New York University, and the University of Pennsylvania. Their true purpose was to begin de-Christianizing America.

One of its founding members was John Dewey, the father of progressive education, whose philosophy consisted of "atheism, socialism and evolution." In 1921, they changed their name to the League for Industrial Democracy, whose purpose was "education for a new social order based on production for use and not for profit." They established a network of 125 chapters. Dewey would later serve as its Vice-President, and in 1941, became its President.

The Fabians had broken away from the Liberal Party in the 1890's and contributed to the founding of the Labor Representation Committee, which in 1906, became the Labour Party. Shaw called for "wire-pulling" the government in order to get Socialist measures passed. In 1918, the Labour Party adopted a program which implemented the ideas of Fabianism.

In 1931, the New Fabian Research Bureau was organized, joining the Fabian Society in 1938 to form a reorganized group. In 1940, the Colonial Bureau of the Fabian Society was established; and in 1941, the Fabian International Bureau was formed, which catered to international issues.

In December, 1942, the Fabians published the Beveridge Report, written by Sir William Beveridge (later made a Lord), who made a long list of promises to Britons, if they would accept his package of social reforms. In 1945, Fabian Socialists took control of the House of Commons, on the strength of the Report, and the Parliamentary Reforms, which had been published eleven years earlier by Sir Ivor Jennings. Within a few years, British industries and services were nationalized and put under government control, which now meant that the Rothschilds were able to control more, because all the banks were forced to use Bank of England notes, instead of their own.

At its peak in 1946, the Fabian Society had 8,400 members in 80 local chapters. Among their members: Bertrand Russell (philologist, mathematician and philosopher), (Pandit) Motilal Nehru (father of India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharial Nehru, and leader of the Independence movement who founded the Swaraj, or 'self-rule' Party), and Ramsey MacDonald (Prime Minister of England in 1924, 1929-35). Nearly half of all Labour Party representatives of the Parliament in the House of Commons were members, along with most Party leaders.

Today, from their headquarters at 11 Dartmouth Street, in London, they spread their ideas among teachers, civil servants, politicians, union officials, and other influential people. They publish the Fabian Review magazine. They also hold meetings, lectures, conferences, and seminars; do research in political, economic, and social problems; and publish their findings and views in magazines, books and pamphlets. Their concentration has been mainly on reforms to social services and the nationalization of industry.

Cecil Rhodes and the Rhodes Scholarships

Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902, South African financier, British statesman and industrialist, who wanted to make Africa a "British dominion from the Cape to Cairo"), with the financial support of Nathaniel Mayer Rothschild (1840-1915) and Alfred Beit, was able to control the diamond mines of South Africa with his De Beers Consolidated Mines Ltd., by buying out the French Diamond Co. and then merging with the Barnato Diamond Mining Company. He eventually controlled the production of diamonds throughout the world. His Consolidated Gold Fields was also a prosperous gold mining operation. He made $5 million annually .

In 1877, while still studying at Oxford (it took him 8 years because of having to run the diamond mines), he wrote the first of seven wills, in which each became a separate and legally binding document. It called for the establishment of:

"...a secret society with but one object -- the furtherance of the British Empire and the bringing of the whole uncivilized world under British rule, for the recovery of the United States, (and) for ... making the Anglo-Saxon race but one Empire."

Frank Aydelotte, a founding member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the American Secretary to the Rhodes Trustees, wrote in his book, American Rhodes Scholarships:

"In his first will Rhodes states his aim still more specifically: 'The extension of British rule throughout the world ... the foundation of so great a power as to hereafter render wars impossible and promote the interests of humanity'."

When he died, his third will, drafted in 1888, called for the establishment of a trust, run by his son-in-law Lord Rosebury, a Rothschild agent, to administer his fortune. His seventh and last will, named [Nathan] Rothschild administrator of his estate, and established an educational grant known as the Rhodes Scholarships at Oxford University (which was controlled by the Fabians). The Scholarships provided a two-year program for young men, and later, women, from the United States, United Kingdom and Germany, to carry on the Illuminati conspiracy.

Among the more famous Rhodes Scholars:

Dean Rusk (CFR, Secretary of State, 1961-69)
Walt Whitman Rostow (Special Assistant for National Security Affairs, 1966-69)
Harlan Cleveland (Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs in the Kennedy administration, Ambassador to NATO under Presidents Johnson and Nixon)
Nicholas Katzenbach (CFR, U.S. Attorney General, 1965-66)

Sen. James William Fulbright (Arkansas, 1945-74)
Sen. Frank Church (Idaho, 1956-81)
Sen. Bill Bradley (New Jersey, 1979-97)
Sen. David Boren (Oklahoma, 1979-94, CFR)
Sen. Richard D. Lugar (Indiana, 1976-)
Sen. Larry Pressler (South Dakota, 1979-97, CFR, Phi-Beta-Kappa)
Sen. Paul Sarbanes (Maryland, 1977-)
Rep. Elliot H. Levitas (GA, 1975-85)
Rep. Carl Albert (OH, 1947-77, Speaker of the House from 1971-77)
Rep. John Brademas (IN, 1959-81, later New York University President)
Gov. Bill Clinton (Arkansas, 1979-81, 1983-92; President, 1993-2001; CFR, Trilateral Commission -- he didn't graduate from Oxford)
Gov. Richard Celeste (OH, 1983-91)
Supreme Court Justice Byron 'Whizzer' White (1962-93, also Phi Beta Kappa)
Brig. Gen. Pete Dawkins
Gen. Bernard W. Rogers (Supreme Commander of the NATO forces in Europe, 1979-87)
Gen. Wesley Clark (Supreme Commander of the NATO forces in Europe, 1997-2000)
Stansfield Turner (CIA Director, 1977-81)
R. James Woolsey (CFR, CIA Director, 1993-95)

Charles Collingwood (TV commentator)
Howard K. Smith (TV commentator)
George Jerome Goodman (writer known as 'Adam Smith')
Hedley Donovan (former Editor-in-Chief of Time magazine, later a senior advisor to President Carter)
Robert Penn Warren (Pulitzer Prize-winning poet and novelist, best known for his book All the King's Men).

The Rhodes fortune, through the Rhodes Scholarship Fund, has been used to promote the concept of globalism and one-world government. Up to 1953, out of 1,372 American Rhodes Scholars, 431 had positions in teaching and educational administration, 31 were college presidents, 113 had government positions, 70 held positions in the media, and 14 were executives in foundations.

Rhodes began developing his philosophy after hearing a speech by John Ruskin (1819-1900) at Christ Church at Oxford University, which espoused an opinion, which by extension, furthered the teaching found in Plato's Republic. Plato called for "...a ruling class with a powerful army to keep it in power and a society completely subordinate to the monolithic authority of the rulers."

Rhodes was also greatly influenced by Windom Reade's book The Martyrdom of Man, published in 1872, which advocated Darwinism and the tremendous suffering that man must undergo, which was epitomized in the phrase "the survival of the fittest." The book said that the "inevitable progress of man (was) to perfection." Rhodes incorporated this rationalization into his thinking.

Continued -->

[Steve Gardner]

...and the Rhodes Scholars

Continued -->

The Rhodes-Milner Group (1891- )

Rhodes talked about starting an organization to preserve and extend the British Empire. He said in 1877:

"It is our duty to seize every opportunity of acquiring more territory ... more territory simply means more of the Anglo-Saxon race, more of the best, the most human, most honorable race the world possesses ... the absorption of the greater portion of the world under our rule simply means the end of all wars."

It was this mentality that fueled his desire to unite the world under one form of government. Using the Jesuits and the Masons as organizational models, Rhodes joined together with Rothschild agent Lord Alfred Milner (1854-1925) to form a secret group on February 5, 1891. The group included other Ruskin associates at Oxford such as:

Arnold Toynbee
Arthur Glazebrook
Sir George Parkin
Philip Lyttleton Gell
Sir Henry Birchenough

...along with a similar group at Cambridge, led by social reformer and journalist William T. Stead, which included:

Lord Reginald Baliol Brett
Sir John B. Seeley
Lord Albert Grey
Edmund Garrett

There group had an Inner Circle, known as the 'Circle of Initiates,' led by Rhodes, and included an Executive Committee with Stead, Brett, and Milner, the chief Rhodes Trustee. Other members included Lord Arthur Balfour (British Foreign Secretary who wrote to Rothschild promising his support for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine), Lord Lionel Walter Rothschild, Sir Harry Johnston, and Lord Albert Grey.

The Round Table Society (1910- )

The Outer Circle was known as the 'Association of Helpers,' but was not implemented until 1909-1913, when Milner established it as the Round Table organization. Their goal was to eventually establish a one-world government, which would be controlled by the international banking community, under the cloak of Socialism. They saw England, not as a European power, but as an Atlantic power, and wanted to have a federation of the English-speaking world, which would be controlled by them.

In 1897, British and American elitists met in order to come up with ways to accomplish Rhodes' plan to consolidate their respective governments, which would pave the way for a one-world government. On July 24, 1902, a secret organization known as the Pilgrim Society was started in London. Six months later, an American branch was established in New York. Funded by the Rhodes Foundation, they were instrumental in taking control of the Democratic Party in the United States.

While he was Governor-General and High Commissioner of South Africa from 1897-1905, Milner (one of the most influential men in the political and financial circles in England) began to recruit young men, mostly from Oxford and Toynbee Hall, to help run his Administration. They became known as "Milner's Kindergarten". With his backing, they were able to get jobs in influential positions in government and finance, where they became a dominant force in England's domestic and foreign policy.

Between 1909-1913, Milner, Lionel Curtis, Philip H. Kerr (Lord Lothian), and Sir William S. Marris used this group to establish semi-secret discussion and lobbying groups, known as Round Table Groups, in England; the main British dependencies: South Africa, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and India; and the United States. They were all controlled from England, and maintained contact through personal correspondence, frequent trips, and a quarterly journal begun in 1910, called The Round Table. The membership consisted of men who not only had a vast amount of political clout, but some who served in the highest levels of the British government.

Though they are still generally referred to as the "Illuminati", from this point on, the Round Table would be the group responsible for perpetuating the conspiracy to establish a one-world government. Members of the Round Table have also been referred to as the 'Committee of 300,' or the 'Olympians.'

Most members had private fortunes or were known financiers; however, it was the fortunes of Rhodes, Alfred Beit (1853-1906, the German financier from Frankfurt), Sir Abe Bailey (1864-1940), and the Astor family, that formed the core of their financial support. Since 1925, substantial contributions have come from the Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, J. P. Morgan, the Rockefeller and Whitney families, and associates of Lazard Brothers Bank and Morgan, Grenfell and Company (the London affiliate of Morgan).

The Round Table controlled the London Times newspaper, which was owned by the Astor Family, as well as publications in other countries.

Milner led the group until his death in 1925, when the leadership was taken over by Lionel Curtis, and then by Lord Robert H. Brand (brother-in-law of Lady Astor) until he died in 1963, when the leadership was passed to Adam D. Marris, the son of Sir Round Table, who was promoted to succeed Brand as managing director of Lazard Brothers Bank.

Lionel George Curtis (1872-1955), the British High Commissioner to South Africa and Secretary to Sir Milner, advocated British imperialism, and the establishment of a World State. He believed that "men should strive to build the Kingdom of Heaven here upon this earth, and that the leadership in that task must fall first and foremost upon the English-speaking peoples." In 1919, he established a front organization for the Round Table, known as the Royal Institute of International Affairs, which, after 1923, was headquartered at Chatham House (and is sometimes referred to as the Chatham House Study Group) at 10 St. James' Square in London.

From 1919-1927, there was an Institute of International Affairs started to cover all the Round Table Groups in the British dependencies, and the United States (where it is known as the Council on Foreign Relations), which was a front for J.P. Morgan and Co. who controlled a small American Round Table Group. They were funded by Sir Abe Bailey and the Astor Family. Today you'll find the Institut des Relations Internationales in Belgium, the Institute for International Affairs in the Netherlands, the Institute for International Affairs in Rome, the Norwegian Institute for Foreign Affairs, the French Institute of International Relations, the Australian Institute of International Affairs, and many others.

In June, 2002, the former royal butler, Paul Burrell, revealed to the Daily Mirror in London, that Queen Elizabeth II told him: "There are powers at work in this country about which we have no knowledge...".

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Sidebar: Other Crown Chartered Companies

The British East India Company also spawned the London Company, which was chartered in 1606 by King James I, to establish the Virginia Plantation on a communistic basis and the Plymouth Colony (1621). In 1606, he also chartered the Virginia Company, a joint stock corporation made up of a group of London entrepreneurs, charged with establishing Jamestown, in the Chesapeake region of North America known as Virginia. It had the authority to appoint the Council of Virginia, the Governor, and other officials; and also had the responsibility to provide settlers, supplies, and ships for the venture. Although initially favorable, as the mortality rate rose, and the prospect for profit faded, the support for it began to decline. They resorted to lotteries, searching for gold, and silkworm production to increase their chances of making a profit. Although Great Britain controlled the colony through this company, because of the Indian Massacre of 1622, the Charter was revoked in 1624, and Virginia became a Crown colony.

[Steve Gardner]

The Inquiry and the Round Table

In the fall of 1917, a group called "The Inquiry" was assembled by Col. Edward M. House to negotiate solutions for the Paris Peace Conference in Versailles. They worked out of the American Geographical Society doing historical research, and writing position papers. The Inquiry was formed around the inner circle of the Intercollegiate Socialist Society, which was a group of American socialist-oriented intellectuals.

House, President Wilson's most trusted advisor, was an admirer of Marx. In 1912, he anonymously wrote the book Philip Dru: Administrator (published by Fabian B. W. Huebsch), which was a novel that detailed the plans for the takeover of America, by establishing "socialism as dreamed by Karl Marx," and the creation of a one-world totalitarian government. This was to be done by electing an American President through "deception regarding his real opinions and intentions." The book also discussed the graduated income tax, and tax-free foundations. The novel became fact, and "Philip Dru" was actually House himself.

In the spring of 1918, a group of people met at the Metropolitan Club in New York City to form the Council on Foreign Relations. The group was made up of "high-ranking officers of banking, manufacturing, trading, and finance companies, together with many lawyers ... concerned primarily with the effect that the war and the treaty of peace might have on post-war business." The honorary Chairman was Elihu Root, a Wall Street lawyer, former New York Senator, former Secretary of War under McKinley, former Secretary of State under Theodore Roosevelt, member of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1912), and the most recognized Republican of his time. From June, 1918 to April, 1919, they held a series of dinner meetings on a variety of international matters, but soon disbanded.

On May 30, 1919, Baron Edmond de Rothschild of France hosted a meeting at the Majestic Hotel in Paris between The Inquiry and the Round Table groups to discuss a merger. The Inquiry was dominated by J. P. Morgan's people and included members such as:

George Louis Beers (an historian who later became the U.S. representative for the Round Table)
Walter Lippman
Frank Aydelotte
Whitney H. Shepardson
Thomas W. Lamont
Jerome D. Greene
Col. Edward M. House
Dr. James T. Shotwell
Professor Archibald Coolidge
Gen. Tasker H. Bliss (the U.S. Army Chief of Staff)
Erwin D. Canham (of the Christian Science Monitor)
Herbert Hoover (who, when he was elected to the Presidency in 1928, chose CFR member Henry L. Stimson to be his Secretary of State)

Round Table representatives included:

Lord Alfred Milner
Lord Robert Cecil
Lord Eustace Percy
Lionel Curtis
Harold Temperley

They met again on June 5, 1919, and decided to have separate organizations, each cooperating with the other. On July 17, 1919, Edward M. House formed the Institute for International Affairs in New York City, and The Inquiry became the American branch of the Round Table. Their secret aims were:

"...to coordinate the international activities and outlooks of all the English-speaking world into one ... to work to maintain peace; to help backward, colonial, and underdeveloped areas to advance towards stability, law and order, and prosperity, along the lines somehow similar to those taught at Oxford and the University of London..."

The Council on Foreign Relations, and the Institute for International Affairs, both supporters of Wilson, strongly supported the League of Nations. However, the Round Table wanted to weaken the League by eliminating the possibility of collective security in order to strengthen Germany, and isolate England from Europe so an Atlantic power could be established, consisting of England, the British Dominions, and the United States.

In 1921, when it became apparent that the United States wasn't going to join the League, the Council on Foreign Relations was incorporated on July 21st, consisting of members from both groups, and others who had participated in the 1919 Paris Peace Talks. The name change was made so that the American branch of the Round Table would appear to be a separate entity, and not connected to the organization in England.

The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) became the American headquarters for the Illuminati. Led by Edward M. House who wrote the Charter, they were financed by:

Paul Warburg
Jacob Schiff
William Averell Harriman
Frank Vanderlip
Bernard Baruch
Nelson Aldrich
J.P. Morgan
Otto Kanh
Albert H. Wiggin
Herbert H. Lehman
John D. Rockefeller

The membership of the CFR was mainly made up from the 150 members of Edward M. House's task force which worked on the Peace Treaty. Many were associates of the J.P. Morgan Bank. The first Board consisted of the seven who were on the Merger Committee, plus nine others:

Whitney H. Shepardson (Executive Secretary)
George W. Wickersham (Chairman, Wall Street lawyer, Attorney General for President Taft)
Frank L. Polk (Wall Street banker, Under Secretary of State)
Paul Warburg
William R. Sheperd (president of Columbia University)
Edwin F. Gay (Secretary-Treasurer)
Stephen P. Duggan (director of the International Education Board)

John W. Davis (President, former Ambassador to Great Britain)
Elihu Root (Honorary President)
Paul D. Cravath (Vice President, NY lawyer)
Archibald Cary Coolidge (Harvard historian)
Isaiah Bowman (director of the American Geographical Society)
Norman H. Davis (NY banker, former Under Secretary of State)
John H. Finley (associate editor at the New York Times)
David F. Houston (former Secretary of Treasury)
Otto Kahn (NY banker).

Other CFR members included:

J. P. Morgan
John D. Rockefeller
Edward M. House
Christian Herter
Jacob Schiff
Averell Harriman
Nelson Aldrich
Bernard Baruch
Owen D. Young
Russell C. Leffingwell
John Dulles
Allen Dulles
James T. Shotwell
Prof. Charles Seymour
Joseph Chamberlain
Philip Jessup
Philip Moseley
Grayson Kirk
Henry M. Wriston
Arthur H. Dean
Philip D. Reed
John J. McCloy
Walter Lippman (founder of the Intercollegiate Socialist Society).

The CFR Begins Operation

Whereas All Souls College at Oxford University was the base for Round Table operations in England, the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton University, established by Abraham Flexner of the Carnegie Foundation and Rockefeller's General Education Board, was the center of activities for the American branch.

The CFR membership grew from 97 in 1921, to 210 in 1922. In 1927, they began to receive funding from the Rockefeller Foundation, and later the Carnegie Endowment and Ford Foundation, in addition to the financial support they got from J.P. Morgan and the Wall Street banking interests. By 1936, their membership reached 250, and they already had a lot of influence on five American newspapers: The New York Times, New York Herald Tribune, Christian Science Monitor, The Washington Post, and the Boston Evening Transcript. This gave them the ability to slant the news in a way which would reflect their views, and thus begin the process of molding America to suit their needs.

In 1937, the CFR came up with the idea for 'Committees on Foreign Relations,' which would be established in various major cities around the country, for the "serious discussion of international affairs by leading citizens in widely separated communities." Between 1938 and 1940, Francis P. Miller organized these mini-Councils with funding from the Carnegie Corporation, to better influence thinking across the country. John W. Davis said after World War II that these committees had "provided an avenue for extending the Council to every part of the country." These CFR subsidiaries were established in 38 cities: Albuquerque, Atlanta, Billings, Birmingham, Boise, Boston, Casper, Charlottesville, Chicago (the most prominent), Cleveland, Denver, Des Moines, Detroit, Houston, Indianapolis, Little Rock, Los Angeles, Louisville, Miami, Nashville, Omaha, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Portland (ME), Portland (OR), Providence, Rochester, St. Louis, St. Paul-Minneapolis, Salt Lake City, San Francisco, Santa Barbara, Seattle, Tampa Bay, Tucson, Tulsa, Wichita, and Worcester.

The CFR has always claimed to be a private organization that doesn't formulate any government policy, in fact, the following disclaimer appears on their books:

"The Council on Foreign Relations is a non-profit institution devoted to the study of the international aspects of American political, economic, and strategic problems. It takes no stand, expressed or implied, on American policy."

From the beginning, their goal was to infiltrate the government, and that was done. Actually, they were so successful, that today, the CFR practically controls, and dictates, both domestic and foreign policy.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt had Henry Wallace (Secretary of Agriculture) and Louis Douglas (Director of the Budget Bureau) work with a CFR study group on national self-sufficiency, out of which came the Export-Import Bank and the Trade Agreements Act of 1934.

On September 12, 1939, after the start of World War II, CFR members Hamilton Fish Armstrong (editor of the CFR magazine Foreign Affairs) and Walter H. Mallory (Executive Director), went to the State Department and met with Assistant Secretary of State George S. Messersmith (CFR member), to offer the services of the Council by establishing a CFR study group concerning the war and a plan for peace, which would make recommendations to the State Department. They proposed to do research, and make informal recommendations in areas regarding national security and economics. Secretary of State Cordell Hull, and Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles (CFR member) liked the idea, and the "War and Peace Studies Project" was initiated with funding from the Rockefeller Foundation, who gave grants totaling $300,000 over a 6 year period.

Under that umbrella, there were 5 study groups, each with 10-15 men and a full-time paid secretary. All together, between 1940 and 1945, there were 100 people involved, with 362 meetings, producing 682 documents, and meets regularly with State Department officials.

Officers:

Norman H. Davis (Chairman)
Walter H. Mallory (Secretary)

Peace Aims:

Hamilton Fish Armstrong
Territorial:
Isaiah Bowman (President of Johns Hopkins University, geography expert)

Armaments:

Allen W. Dulles (international corporate lawyer)
Hanson W. Baldwin (military correspondent for New York Times)

Political:

Whitney H. Shepardson (corporate executive who was House's secretary at the 19

19 Versailles Peace Conference)
Economic and Financial:

Alvin H. Hansen (professor of political economy at Harvard)
Jacob Viner (professor of economics at University of Chicago)

In December, 1941, at the urging of the CFR, the State Department created the 14-member "Advisory Committee on Post-War Foreign Policy", in which the CFR was represented by eight of its members (2 more became members later). The core of the group was:

Cordell Hull
Sumner Welles
Norman H. Davis
Myron C. Taylor (corporate executive)
Isaiah Bowman
Leo Pasvolsky (economist)

All were CFR members, with the exception of Hull, and were known as the 'Informal Political Agenda Group' which Roosevelt called his "post-war advisers." They controlled the Committee, and were assisted by a research staff financed and controlled by the CFR. In order to formulate a closer liaison between the CFR and the Advisory Committee, the Research Secretaries from the "War and Peace Studies Project" were brought into the State Department as consultants to the corresponding subcommittee of the Advisory Committee. The Committee had their last general meeting in May, 1942, and all work from then on occurred at the subcommittee level.

As World War II came to an end, CFR study groups planned the reconstruction of Germany and Japan, the establishment of the United Nations, the initiation of the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank (the U.N. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development). In December, 1943, the CFR began to outline their proposal for the United Nations, which was presented at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference. Historian Ruth B. Russell wrote in her 1958 book, A History of the United Nations Charter: The Role of the United States, 1940-1945, that "the substance of the provisions finally written into the (U.N.) Charter in many cases reflected conclusions reached at much earlier stages by the United States Government."

In 1945, the CFR moved into their present headquarters, which was largely financed by Rockefeller; and the study groups disbanded, with the men in those groups taking their place in the forefront of national affairs. For instance, Allen Dulles, former President of the CFR, was appointed director of the CFR; and John Foster Dulles, became Eisenhower's Secretary of State. Senator Barry Goldwater would later say: "From that day forward the Council on Foreign Relations had placed its members in policy-making positions with the federal government, not limited to the State Department."

In 1945, Sen. Arthur K. Vandenberg, a leading Republican, and a CFR member, traveled around the country to drum up support for the creation of the United Nations. He was also instrumental in getting the Republican-controlled Congress to go along with Truman's CFR-controlled foreign policy. When the U.N. Conference met in San Francisco in 1945, there were 47 CFR members in the U.S. delegation, including:

Alger Hiss (a State Department official and communist spy, who in 1950 was convicted of perjury after denying he had passed secret documents to the Russians, and was sentenced to five years in prison)
Harry Dexter White (a communist agent)
Owen Lattimore (who was called by the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, a "conscious articulate instrument of the Soviet conspiracy")
Nelson Rockefeller
John Foster Dulles
Dean Acheson
Harold Stassen
Ralph Bunche
John J. McCloy
Adlai Stevenson
Philip Jessup
John Carter Vincent (identified as a "security risk")
Edward R. Stettinius, Jr. (Secretary of State)
Leo Pasvolsky
Joseph E. Johnson
Clark M. Eichelberger
Thomas K. Finletter

Continued -->

[Steve Gardner]

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The Institute of Pacific Relations (IPR)

In 1925, Lionel Curtis, established the Institute of Pacific Relations (IPR) in 12 countries in order to steer America towards Communism. This Round Table finger organization was financed by the Rockefeller Foundation, the Carnegie Corporation, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and the Ford Foundation.

The American branch of the IPR also received funding from:

StandardOil
Vacuum Oil
Shell Oil
International General Electric
Bank of America
National City Bank
Chase National Bank
International Business Machines (IBM)
International Telephone and Telegraph (IT&T))
Time Inc.
J.P. Morgan

The IPR was led by Professor Owen Lattimore, head of Johns Hopkins University School of Diplomacy, who, during a 1951-52 investigation of the IPR, was identified as a Soviet operative. The Senate found the group to be "a vehicle toward Communist objectives." Men from the IPR (who were all communist or pro-communist) were placed in important teaching positions and dominated the Asian Affairs section of the State Department. After a four-year battle, their tax exempt status was revoked from 1955-1960.

Their publications were used by the armed forces, colleges, and close to 1,300 public school systems. They published a magazine called Amerasia, whose offices had been raided by the FBI which found 1,700 secret documents from various government agencies, including the Army and Navy, that were either stolen or given to them by traitors within the State Department. The Senate Internal Subcommittee concluded that the American policy decision which helped establish Communist control in China (by threatening to cut-off aid to Chiang Kai-shek unless he went communist), was made by IPR officials acting on behalf of the Soviet Union.

Besides Lattimore, they also named Lauchlin Currie (an Administrative Assistant to the President, who was identified as a Soviet agent by J. Edgar Hoover), Alger Hiss, Joseph Barnes, Philip Jessup, and Harry Dexter White as Communist sympathizers. While he was Assistant Secretary of Treasury, Harry Dexter White provided Russia with the means of printing currency. He became Director of the International Monetary Fund in 1946, but resigned in 1947, when Whittaker Chambers accused him of being pro-communist, which he denied. In November, 1948, after White's death, Whittaker produced five rolls of microfilmed documents, which included eight pages of U.S. military secrets which had been written by White.

After World War II, the CFR was able to expand its study programs with grants of $1.5 million from the Ford Foundation, $500,000 from the Rockefeller Foundation, and $500,000 from the Carnegie Endowment.

Pro-communist Cyrus Eaton, Sr., a recipient of the Lenin Peace Prize, established the "Joint Conferences on Science and World Affairs", also known as the "Pugwash Conferences", in 1945 to gather intellectuals from across the world, and to exchange information on ways to push America towards disarmament. The group was financed by the CFR, the Rockefeller Foundation and the Ford Foundation. In 1959, a disarmament proposal developed by the CFR, and discussed at the Conference, became the basis for Kennedy's disarmament policy in September, 1961.

In Study No. 7 Basic Aim of U.S. Foreign Policy, published by the CFR in November, 1959, they revealed their plans for the country:

"The U.S. must strive to build a new international order ... (which) must be responsive to world aspirations for peace ... (and) for social and economic change...including states labeling themselves as 'Socialist' ... (and to) gradually increase the authority of the U.N.."

They also advocated secret negotiations with Russia concerning disarmament, and increased foreign aid to China. The foreign policy of the CFR seemed to mirror that of the U.S. Communist Party, only because a change to a socialistic form of government would bring them that much closer to a one-world government.

The Globalist Goals of the CFR

The CFR's "1980's Project" evolved from a Council Study Group on International Order, which had met from 1971-73. They sought to duplicate the success they had achieved with the War and Peace Studies, and their concentration was to be on creating a new political and economic system that would have global emphasis. Miriam Camps, former Vice-Chairperson of the State Department's Policy Planning Council, recorded the group's discussion in a report called The Management of Independence, which called for "the kind of international system which we should be seeking to nudge things."

In the fall of 1973, the 1980's Project was initiated, and to accommodate it the CFR staff was expanded and additional funds raised, including $1.3 million in grants from the Ford, Lilly, Mellon and Rockefeller Foundations. The Coordinating Committee had 14 men, with a full-time staff; plus 12 groups, each with 20 members; in addition to other experts and advisors who acted as consultants to the project. Some of the reports produced: Reducing Global Inequities, Sharing Global Resources, and Enhancing Global Human Rights.

Stanley Hoffman, a chief participant of the Project, wrote a book in 1978, called Primacy or World Order, which he said was an "illegitimate offspring" of the Project. Basically, it was a summary of the Project's work, and concluded that the best chance for foreign policy success, was to adopt a "world order policy."

When Jimmy Carter was elected to the Presidency in 1976, some of the Project's strongest supporters, such as Cyrus Vance, Michael Blumenthal, Marshall Shulman, and Paul Warnke, went to the White House to serve in the new Administration. In 1979, the Project was discontinued for being too unrealistic, which meant it was too soon for that kind of talk.

The CFR headquarters and library is located in the five-story Howard Pratt mansion (a gift from Pratt's widow, who was an heir to the Standard Oil fortune) at 58 E. 68th Street, in New York City (on the corner of Park Ave. and 68th Street), on the opposite corner of the Soviet Embassy to the United Nations. They are considered a semi-secret organization whose 1966 Annual Report stated that members who do not adhere to its strict secrecy can be dropped from their membership. On the national level, the Business Advisory Council and the Pilgrim Society are groups which form the inner circle of the CFR, while on the international level it's the Bilderberg Group.

James P. Warburg (banker, economist, a member of FDR's brain trust, and son of Paul M. Warburg) of the CFR told a Senate Foreign Relations Committee on February 17, 1950:

"We shall have world government whether or not we like it. The only question is whether world government will be achieved by conquest or consent."

The Chicago Tribune printed an editorial on December 9, 1950 which said:

"The members of the Council are persons of much more than average influence in the community. They have used the prestige that their wealth, their social position, and their education have given them to lead their country towards bankruptcy and military debacle. They should look at their hands. There is blood on them -- the dried blood of the last war and the fresh blood of the present one."

They have only been investigated once and that was in 1954 by the Special House Committee to Investigate Tax-Exempt Foundations (the Reece Committee), who said that the CFR was "in essence an agency of the United States Government." The Committee discovered that their directives were aimed "overwhelmingly at promoting the globalistic concept."

A July, 1958 Harper's magazine article said:

"The most powerful clique in these (CFR) groups have one objective in common: they want to bring about the surrender of the sovereignty and the national independence of the U.S. They want to end national boundaries and racial and ethnic loyalties supposedly in increase business and ensure world peace.

What they strive for would inevitably lead to dictatorship and loss of freedoms by the people. The CFR was founded for 'the purpose of promoting disarmament and submergence of U.S. sovereignty and national independence into an all-powerful one-world government'."

On September 1, 1961, The Christian Science Monitor printed the following statement: "The directors of the CFR make up a sort of Presidium [as in the Soviet Union] for that part of the Establishment that guides our destiny as a nation."

On December 23, 1961, columnist Edith Kermit Roosevelt (granddaughter of President Theodore Roosevelt) wrote in the Indianapolis News that CFR policies: "favor ... gradual surrender of United States sovereignty to the United Nations." Researcher Dan Smoot, a former FBI employee, said their goal was "to create a one-world Socialist system and make the United States an official part of it."

Rep. John R. Rarick of Louisiana said in 1971:

"The CFR, dedicated to one-world government, financed by a number of the largest tax-exempt foundations, and wielding such power and influence over our lives in the areas of finance, business, labor, military, education and mass communication-media, should be familiar to every American concerned with good government and with preserving and defending the U.S. Constitution and our free-enterprise system.

Yet, the nation's right-to-know machinery, the news media, usually so aggressive in exposures to inform our people, remain conspicuously silent when it comes to the CFR, its members and their activities.

The CFR is the Establishment. Not only does it have influence and power in key decision-making positions at the highest levels of government to apply pressure from above, but it also finances and uses individuals and groups to bring pressure from below, to justify the high level decisions for converting the U.S. from a sovereign Constitutional Republic into a servile member state of a one-world dictatorship."

Phyllis Schlafly and Rear Admiral Chester Ward, former Judge Advocate General of the Navy from 1956-60 who was a member of the CFR for 16 years, wrote in their 1975 book Kissinger on the Couch that the CFR's

"...purpose of promoting disarmament and submergence of U.S. sovereignty and national independence into an all-powerful one-world government is the only objective revealed to about 95 percent of 1,551 members (1975 figures). There are two other ulterior purposes that CFR influence is being used to promote; but it is improbable that they are known to more than 75 members, or that these purposes ever have even been identified in writing."

The book went on to say that the "most powerful clique in these elitist groups have one objective in common -- they want to bring about the surrender of the sovereignty and the national independence of the United States." Ward's indictment of the group revealed their methods:

"Once the ruling members of the CFR have decided that the U.S. Government should adopt a particular policy, the very substantial research facilities of CFR are put to work to develop arguments, intellectual and emotional, to support the new policy, and to confound and discredit, intellectually and politically, any opposition."

The published accounts of CFR activities greatly understate their power and influence on national and foreign policy. They have been called the "invisible government" or a front for the intellectual leaders who hope to control the world through the Fabian technique of "gradualism." Besides their involvement in the government, they hold key positions in all branches of the media, including the control or ownership of major newspapers, magazines, publishing companies, television, and radio stations.

The New York Times wrote:

"The Council's membership includes some of the most influential men in government, business, education and the press (and) for nearly half a century has made substantial contributions to the basic concepts of American foreign policy."

Newsweek called the Council's leadership the "foreign policy establishment of the U.S." Well-known political observer and writer Theodore White said: "The Council counts among its members probably more important names in American life than any other private group in the country." In 1971, J. Anthony Lukas wrote in the New York Times Magazine: "If you want to make foreign policy, there's no better fraternity to belong to than the Council."

[Steve Gardner]

...Media and Business

CFR Influence in the U.S. Government

From 1928-72, nine out of twelve Republican Presidential nominees were CFR members. From 1952-72, CFR members were elected four out of six times. During three separate campaigns, both the Republican and Democratic nominee were, or had been a member. Since World War II, practically every Presidential candidate, with the exception of Johnson, Goldwater, and Reagan, have been members.

In Sen. Barry Goldwater's 1979 memoir, With No Apologies, he wrote: "When a new President comes on board, there is a great turnover in personnel but no change in policy." That's because CFR members have held almost every key position in every Administration, from Franklin D. Roosevelt to Bill Clinton.

During that period, every Secretary of State (with the exception of Cordell Hull, James F. Byrnes, and William Rogers) has been a member. Every Secretary of Defense from the Truman Administration up to the Clinton Administration (with the exception of Melvin Laird) has been a member. Since 1920, most of the Treasury Secretaries have been members; and since the Eisenhower Administration, nearly all of the National Security Advisors have been members.

Curtis Dall wrote in his book, FDR: My Exploited Father-in-Law:

"For a long time I felt that FDR had developed many thoughts and ideas that were his own to benefit this country, the USA. But, he didn't. Most of his thoughts, his political 'ammunition' as it were, were carefully manufactured for him in advance by the CFR / One World money group."

NATO Commanders

The position of Supreme Allied Commander of NATO has usually been held by CFR members, including:

Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower
Gen. Matthew B. Ridgeway
Gen. Alfred M. Groenther
Gen. Lauris Norstad
Gen. Lyman L. Lemnitzer
Gen. Andrew J. Goodpaster
Gen. Alexander M. Haig, Jr.

Most of the superintendents at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point have been CFR members.

Harry S. Truman Administration

Dean Acheson (Secretary of State)
Robert Lovett (Secretary of State and later Secretary of Defense)
W. Averell Harriman (Marshall Plan Administrator)
John J. McCloy (High Commissioner to Germany)
George Kennan (State Department advisor)
Charles Bohlen (State Department advisor).

Dwight Eisenhower Administration

When CFR member Dwight Eisenhower became President, he appointed six CFR members to his Cabinet, and twelve to positions of 'Under Secretary':

John Foster Dulles (Secretary of State, an in-law to the Rockefellers who was a founding member of the CFR, past Chairman of the Rockefeller Foundation and the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace)
Allen Dulles (head of the OSS operation in Switzerland during World War II, who became Director of the CIA and President of the CFR)
Robert B. Anderson (Secretary of the Treasury)

Lewis Strauss (Secretary of Commerce)
John F. Kennedy Administration

When CFR member John F. Kennedy became President, 63 of the 82 names on his list of prospective State Department officials were CFR members. John Kenneth Galbraith said: "Those of us who had worked for the Kennedy election were tolerated in the government for that reason and had a say, but foreign policy was still with the Council on Foreign Relations people." Among the more notable members in his Administration:

Dean Rusk (Secretary of State)
C. Douglas Dillon (Secretary of the Treasury)
Adlai Stevenson (U.N. Ambassador)
John McCone (CIA Director)
W. Averell Harriman (Ambassador-at-Large)
John J. McCloy (Disarmament Administrator)
Gen. Lyman L. Lemnitzer (Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff)
John Kenneth Galbraith (Ambassador to India)
Edward R. Murrow (head of the U.S. Information Agency)
Arthur H. Dean (head of the U.S. Delegation to the Geneva Disarmament Conference)
Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. (Special White House Assistant and noted historian)
Thomas K. Finletter (Ambassador to NATO and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)
George Ball (Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs)
McGeorge Bundy (Special Assistant for National Security who went on to head the Ford Foundation)
Robert McNamara (Secretary of Defense)
Robert F. Kennedy (Attorney General)
Paul H. Nitze (Assistant Secretary of Defense)
Charles E. Bohlen (Assistant Secretary of State)
Walt W. Rostow (Deputy National Security Advisor)
Roswell Gilpatrick (Deputy Secretary of Defense)
Henry Fowler (Under Secretary of State)
Jerome Wiesner (Special Assistant to the President)
Angier Duke (Chief of Protocol).

Lyndon B. Johnson Administration

Roswell Gilpatrick (Deputy Secretary of Defense)
Walt W. Rostow (Special Assistant to the President)
Hubert H. Humphrey (Vice-President)
Dean Rusk (Secretary of State)
Henry Fowler (Secretary of the Treasury)
George Ball (Under Secretary of State)
Robert McNamara(Secretary of Defense)
Paul H. Nitze (Deputy Secretary of Defense)
Alexander B. Trowbridge (Secretary of Commerce)
William McChesney Martin (Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board)
Gen. Maxwell D. Taylor (Chairman of the Foreign Intelligence Board)

Richard M. Nixon Administration

NixonNixon appointed over 100 CFR members to serve in his Administration, including:

George Ball (Foreign Policy Consultant to the State Department)
Dr. Harold Brown (General Advisory Committee of the U.S. Committee of the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency and the senior member of the U.S. delegation for SALT talks with Russia)
Dr. Arthur Burns (Chairman of the Federal Reserve)
C. Fred Bergsten (Operations Staff of the National Security Council)
C. Douglas Dillon (General Advisory Committee of the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency)
Richard N. Cooper (Operations Staff of the National Security Council)
Gen. Andrew I. Goodpaster (Supreme Allied Commander in Europe)
John W. Gardner (Board of Directors, National Center for Volunteer Action)
Elliot L. Richardson (Under Secretary of State, Secretary of Defense, Attorney General; and Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare)
David Rockefeller (Task Force on International Development)
Nelson A. Rockefeller (head of the Presidential Mission to Ascertain the Views of Leaders in the Latin America Countries)
Rodman Rockefeller (Member of the Advisory Council for Minority Enterprise)
Dean Rusk (General Advisory Committee of the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency)
Gerald Smith (Director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency)
Cyrus Vance (General Advisory Committee of the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency)
Richard Gardner (member of the Commission on International Trade and Investment Policy)
Sen. Jacob K. Javits (Representative to the 24th Session of the General Assembly of the U.N.)
Henry A. Kissinger (Secretary of State and Harvard professor who was Rockefeller's personal advisor on foreign affairs openly advocating a "New World Order")
Henry Cabot Lodge (Chief Negotiator of the Paris Peace Talks [Vietnam war])
Douglas MacArthur II (Ambassador to Iran)
John J. McCloy (Chairman of the General Advisory Committee of the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency)
Paul H. Nitze (senior member of the U.S. delegation for the talks with Russia on SALT)
John Hay Whitney (member of the Board of Directors for the Corporation for Public Broadcasting)
George P. Shultz (Secretary of the Treasury)
William Simon (Secretary of Treasury)
Stanley R. Resor (Secretary of the Army)
William E. Colby (Director of the CIA)
Peter G. Peterson (Secretary of Commerce)
James Lynn (Housing Secretary)
Paul McCracken (chief economic aide)
Charles Yost (U.N. Ambassador)
Harlan Cleveland (NATO Ambassador)
Jacob Beam (USSR Ambassador)
David Kennedy (Secretary of Treasury).

Gerald R. Ford Administration

When CFR member Gerald Ford became President, among some of the other CFR members:

William Simon (Secretary of Treasury)
Nelson Rockefeller (Vice-President)

Jimmy Carter Administration

President Carter (who became a CFR member in 1983) appointed over 60 CFR members to serve in his Administration:

Walter Mondale (Vice-President)
Zbigniew Brzezinski (National Security Advisor)
Cyrus R. Vance (Secretary of State)
W. Michael Blumenthal (Secretary of Treasury)
Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)
Stansfield Turner (Director of the CIA)
Gen. David Jones (Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff)

Ronald Reagan Administration

There were 75 CFR and Trilateral Commission members under President Reagan:

Alexander Haig (Secretary of State)
George Shultz (Secretary of State)
Donald Regan (Secretary of Treasury)
William Casey (CIA Director)
Malcolm Baldridge (Secretary of Commerce)
Jeanne J. Kirkpatrick (U.N. Ambassador)
Frank C. Carlucci (Deputy Secretary of Defense)
William E. Brock (Special Trade Representative)

George H. W. Bush Administration

During his 1964 campaign for the U.S. Senate in Texas, George Bush said: "If Red China should be admitted to the U.N., then the U.N. is hopeless and we should withdraw." In 1970, as Ambassador to the U.N., he pushed for Red China to be seated in the General Assembly. When Bush was elected, the CFR member became the first President to publicly mention the "New World Order" and had in his Administration nearly 350 CFR and Trilateral Commission members:

Brent Scowcroft (National Security Advisor)
Richard B. Cheney (Secretary of Defense)
Colin L. Powell (Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff)
William Webster (Director of the CIA)
Richard Thornburgh (Attorney General)
Nicholas F. Brady (Secretary of Treasury)
Lawrence S. Eagleburger (Deputy Secretary of State)
Horace G. Dawson, Jr. (U.S. Information Agency and Director of the Office of Equal Opportunity and Civil Rights)
Alan Greenspan (Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board)

Bill Clinton Administration

When CFR member Bill Clinton was elected, Newsweek magazine would later refer to him as the "New Age President." In October, 1993, Richard Harwood, a Washington Post writer, in describing the Clinton Administration, said its CFR membership was "the nearest thing we have to a ruling establishment in the United States".

Albert Gore, Jr. (Vice-President)
Donna E. Shalala (Secretary of Health and Human Services)
Laura D. Tyson (Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors)
Alice M. Rivlin (Deputy Director of the Office of Management and Budget)
Madeline K. Albright (U.S. Ambassador to the U.N.)
Warren Christopher (Secretary of State)
Clifton R. Wharton, Jr. (Deputy Secretary of State and former Chairman of the Rockefeller Foundation)
Les Aspin (Secretary of Defense)
Colin Powell (Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff)
W. Anthony Lake (National Security Advisor)
George Stephanopoulos (Senior Advisor)
Samuel R. 'Sandy' Berger (Deputy National Security Advisor)
R. James Woolsey (CIA Director)
William J. Crowe, Jr. (Chairman of the Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board)
Lloyd Bentsen (former member, Secretary of Treasury)
Roger C. Altman (Deputy Secretary of Treasury)
Henry G. Cisneros (Secretary of Housing and Urban Development)
Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
Peter Tarnoff (Under Secretary of State for International Security of Affairs)
Winston Lord (Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs)
Strobe Talbott (Aid Coordinator to the Commonwealth of Independent States)
Alan Greenspan (Chairman of the Federal Reserve System)
Walter Mondale (U.S. Ambassador to Japan)
Ronald H. Brown (Secretary of Commerce)
Franklin D. Raines (Economics and International Trade).

George W. Bush Administration

Richard Cheney (Vice President, former Secretary of Defense under President G.H.W. Bush)
Colin Powell (Secretary of State, former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff under Presidents Bush and Clinton)
Condoleeza Rice (National Security Advisor, former member of President Bush's National Security Council)
Robert B. Zoellick (U.S. Trade Representative, former Under Secretary of State in the Bush administration)
Elaine Chao (Secretary of Labor)
Brent Scowcroft (Chairman of the Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board, former National Security Advisor to President Bush)
Richard Haass (Director of Policy Planning at the State Department and Ambassador at Large)
Henry Kissinger (Pentagon Defense Policy Board, former Secretary of State under Presidents Nixon and Ford)
Robert Blackwill (U.S. Ambassador to India, former member of President Bush's National Security Council)
Stephen Friedman (Sr. White House Economic Advisor)
Stephen Hadley (Deputy National Security Advisor, former Assistant Secretary of Defense under Cheney)
Richard Perle (Chairman of Pentagon Defense Policy Board, former Assistant Secretary of Defense in the Reagan administration)
Paul Wolfowitz (Assistant Secretary of Defense, former Assistant Secretary of State in the Reagan administration and former Under Secretary of Defense in the Bush administration)
Dov S. Zakheim (Under Secretary of Defense, Comptroller, former Under Secretary of Defense in the Reagan administration)
I. Lewis Libby (Chief of Staff for the Vice President, former Deputy Under Secretary of Defense).

The Christian Science Monitor said that "almost half of the Council members have been invited to assume official government positions or to act as consultants at one time or another."

CFR Influence in Education and the Media

The Council accepts only American citizens, and has a membership of about 3,600, including influential bankers, corporate officers, and leading government officials who have been significantly affecting domestic and foreign policy for the past 30 years. Every [recent] member had been handpicked by David Rockefeller, who heads the inner circle of the CFR. It is believed that the hierarchy of their inner circle includes descendants of the original Illuminati conspirators, who have Americanized their original family names in order to conceal that fact.

Some of the CFR directors have been:

Walter Lippman (1932-37)
Adlai Stevenson (1958-62)
Cyrus Vance (1968-76, 1981-87)
Zbigniew Brzezinski (1972-77)
Robert O. Anderson (1974-80)
Paul Volcker (1975-79)
Theodore M. Hesburgh (1926-85)
Lane Kirkland (1976-86)
George H.W. Bush (1977-79)
Henry Kissinger (1977-81)
David Rockefeller (1949-85)
George Shultz (1980-88)
Alan Greenspan (1982-88)
Brent Scowcroft (1983-89)
Jeanne J. Kirkpatrick (1985- )
Warren M. Christopher (1982-91)
Richard Cheney (1987-89)

Some of the College Presidents that have been CFR members:

Michael I. Sovern (Columbia University)
Frank H. T. Rhodes (Cornell University)
John Brademus (New York University)
Alice S. Ilchman (Sarah Lawrence College)
Theodore M. Hesburgh (Notre Dame University)
Donald Kennedy (Stanford University)
Benno J. Schmidt, Jr. (Yale University)
Hanna Holborn Gray (University of Chicago)
Stephen Muller (Johns Hopkins University)
Howard R. Swearer (Brown University)
Donna E. Shalala (University of Wisconsin)
John P. Wilson (Washington and Lee University).

Among the members of the media who have been in the CFR:

William Paley (CBS)
Dan Rather (CBS)
Harry Reasoner (CBS)
Roone Arledge (ABC)
Bill Moyers (NBC)
Tom Brokaw (NBC)
John Chancellor (NBC)
Marvin Kalb (CBS)
Irving Levine
David Brinkley (ABC)
John Scali
Barbara Walters (ABC)
William Buckley (PBS, National Review)
George Stephanopoulos
Daniel Schorr (CBS)
Robert McNeil (PBS)
Jim Lehrer (PBS)
Diane Sawyer
Hodding Carter III

Some of the major newspapers, news services and media groups that have been controlled or influenced by the CFR:

New York Times (Sulzbergers, James Reston, Max Frankel, Harrison Salisbury)
Washington Post (Frederick S. Beebe, Katherine Graham, Osborne Elliott)
Wall Street Journal
Boston Globe
Baltimore Sun
Chicago Sun-Times
L.A. Times Syndicate
Houston Post
Minneapolis Star-Tribune
Arkansas Gazette
Des Moines Register and Tribune
Louisville Courier
Associated Press
United Press International
Reuters News Service
Gannett Co. (publisher of USA Today and 90 other daily papers plus 40 weeklies; and also owns 15 radio stations, 8 TV stations, and 40,000 billboards).

In 1896, Alfred Ochs bought the New York Times, with the financial backing of J.P. Morgan (CFR), August Belmont (Rothschild agent), and Jacob Schiff (of Kuhn, Loeb and Co.). It later passed to the control of Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, who was also a CFR member. Eugene Meyer, a CFR member, bought the Washington Post in 1933. [It was later] run by his daughter, Katherine Graham, also a member of the CFR.

Some of the magazines that have been controlled or influenced by the CFR:

Time, Inc. founded by CFR member Henry Luce and Hedley Donovan, which publishes Time, Fortune, Life, Money, People, Entertainment Weekly, and Sports Illustrated
Newsweek (owned by the Washington Post, W. Averell Harriman, Roland Harriman, and Lewis W. Douglas)
Business Week
U.S. News and World Report
Saturday Review
National Review
Reader's Digest
Atlantic Monthly
McCall's
Forbes
Look
Harper's Magazine

Some of the publishers that have been controlled or influenced by the CFR:

Macmillan
Random House
Simon & Schuster
McGraw-Hill
Harper Brothers
Harper & Row
Yale University Press
Little Brown & Co.
Viking Press
Cowles Publishing.

Continued -->

[Steve Gardner]

...Media and Business

Continued -->

CFR Affiliated Organizations and Corporations

G. Gordon Liddy, former Nixon staffer, who later became a talk show pundit, laughed off the idea of a "New World Order", saying that there are so many different organizations working toward their own goals of a one-world government, that they cancel each other out. Not the case. You have seen that their tentacles are very far reaching, as far as the government and the media. However, as outlined below, you will see that the CFR has a heavy cross membership with many groups; as well as a cross membership among the directorship of many corporate boards, and this is a good indication that their efforts are concerted.

Some of the organizations and think-tanks that have been controlled or influenced by the CFR:

Brookings Institute
RAND Corporation
American Assembly
Foreign Policy Association (co-founded by CFR member Raymond Fosdick)
World Affairs Council
Business Advisory Council
Committee for Economic Development
National Foreign Trade Council
National Bureau of Economic Research
National Association of Manufacturers
National Industrial Conference Board
Americans for Democratic Action
Hudson Institute
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Institute for Defense Analysis
World Peace Foundation
United Nations Association
National Planning Association
Center for Inter-American Relations
Free Europe Committee
Atlantic Council of the U.S. (founded in 1961 by CFR member Christian Herter)
Council for Latin America
National Committee on U.S.-China Relations
African-American Institute
Middle East Institute

Some of the many companies that have been controlled or influenced by the CFR:

Morgan, Stanley
Kuhn, Loeb
Lehman Brothers
Bank of America
Chase Manhattan Bank
J. P. Morgan and Co.
First National City Bank
Brown Brothers, Harriman and Co.
Bank of New York
CitiBank/Citicorp
Chemical Bank
Bankers Trust of New York
Manufacturers Hanover
Morgan Guaranty
Merrill Lynch
Equitable Life
New York Life
Metropolitan Life
Mutual of New York
Prudential Insurance
Phillips Petroleum
Chevron
Exxon
Mobil
Atlantic-Richfield (Arco)
Texaco
IBM
Xerox Corporation
AT&T
General Electric
ITT Corporation
Dow Chemical
E. I. du Pont
BMW of North America
Mitsubishi
Toyota Motor Corporation
General Motors
Ford Motor Company
Chrysler
U.S. Steel
Proctor and Gamble
Johnson and Johnson
Estee Lauder
Avon Products
R. J. R. Nabisco
R. H. Macy
Federated Department Stores
Gimbel Brothers
J. C. Penney Company
Sears, Roebuck and Company
May Department Stores
Allied Stores
American Express
PepsiCo
Coca Cola
Pfizer
Bristol-Myers Squibb
Hilton Hotels
American Airlines

In September, 1922, when the CFR began publishing its quarterly magazine, Foreign Affairs, the editorial stated that its purpose was "to guide American opinion." By 1924, it had "established itself as the most authoritative American review dealing with international relations." This highly influential magazine has been the leading publication of its kind, and has a circulation of over 75,000. Reading this publication can be highly informative as to the views of its members. For instance, the Spring, 1991 issue, called for a U.N. standing army, consisting of military personnel from all the member nations, directly under the control of the U.N. Security Council.

A major source of their funding (since 1953), stems from providing a "corporate service" to over 100 companies for a minimum fee of $1,000, that furnishes subscribers with inside information on what is going on politically and financially, both internationally and domestically; by providing free consultation, use of their extensive library, a subscription to Foreign Affairs, and by holding seminars on reports and research done for the Executive branch. They also publish books and pamphlets, and have regular dinner meetings to allow speakers and members to present positions, award study fellowships to scholars, promote regional meetings and stage round-table discussion meetings.

Since the Council on Foreign Relations has been able to infiltrate our government, it is no wonder that our country has been traveling on the course that it has. The moral, educational and financial decline of this nation has been no accident. It has been due to a carefully contrived plot on behalf of these conspirators, who will be satisfied with nothing less than a one-world government. And it is coming to that. As each year goes by, the momentum is picking up, and it is becoming increasingly clear, what road our government is taking. The proponents of one-world government are becoming less secretive, as evidenced by George Bush's talk of a "New World Order." The reason for that is that they feel it is too late for their plans to be stopped. They have become so entrenched in our government, our financial structure, and our commerce, that they probably do control this country, if not the world. In light of this, it seems that it will be only a matter of time before their plans are fully implemented.

The Brookings Institution

The Brookings Institution was established by St. Louis tycoon and philanthropist, Robert Somers Brookings (1850-1932). At the age of 21, Brookings had become a partner in Cupples and Marston (a manufacturer of woodenware and cordage), which, ten years later, under his leadership, expanded and flourished. In 1896, at the age of 46, he retired to devote his duties towards higher education, and became President of Washington University's Board of Trustees, which, through the next twenty years, turned into a major university.

He was one of the original Trustees of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and a consultant to the Commission on Economy and Efficiency during the Taft Administration. In 1917, he was appointed to President Wilson's War Industries Board which had the responsibility of receiving and distributing the supplies needed by the military, later becoming Chairman of its Price Fixing Committee responsible for negotiating prices for all goods purchased by the Allied governments, which gave him a key role in the Wilson Administration.

At the age of 70, he took over the leadership of the Institute for Government Research (IGR), founded by lawyer and economist Frederick A. Cleveland in 1916, and raised $750,000 from 92 corporations and a dozen private citizens to get it moving. Their first project was to push for legislation creating a federal budget, which was successful. The first U.S. Budget Director, under President Harding, was Charles G. Dawes, who relied heavily on the IGR's staff. The Institute was also involved in civil service reform legislation in the 1920's. Among their members: Supreme Court Chief Justice William Howard Taft (who was Chief Justice from 1921-30, after his Presidential term), Herbert Hoover (President, 1929-32), and Elihu Root.

Brookings decided that economics was the biggest issue, and not the administrative aspects that the Institute was covering, so in June, 1922, with a $1,650,000 grant from the Carnegie Corporation, he established the Institute of Economics to represent the interests of the labor unions and the general public. In 1924, he established the Robert S. Brookings School of Economics and Government (an outgrowth of Washington University in St. Louis), to allow doctoral students to spend time in Washington, D.C. to work on the staffs of the IGR and the Institute of Economics.

In 1927, he merged all three organizations to form the Brookings Institution, whose purpose was to train future government officials. He put $6 million, and 36 years of his life, into the nonpartisan, nonprofit center, which analyze government problems, and issue statistical reports. They produce an annual report, Setting National Priorities, which analyzes the President's budget.

Their headquarters is an eight story building, eight blocks from the White House, at 1775 Massachusetts Avenue, NW. They have a staff of about 250, including about 45 senior fellows and 19 research associates. Salaries go as high a $40,000 a year.

After serving close to ten years in the State Department, Leo Pasvolsky returned to the Brookings Institution in 1946, along with six other members of the State Department. With the financial backing of the Rockefeller Foundation, the Carnegie Corporation, and the Mellon Trust, Pasvolsky initiated an International Studies Group which developed the basis for the Marshall Plan to aid the European war recovery efforts.

In 1951, the Chicago Tribune said that the Brookings Institution had created an "elaborate program of training and indoctrination in global thinking," and that most of its scholars wind up as policy makers in the State Department. Truman was the first President to turn to them for help. In 1941, he named Brookings Vice President Edwin Nouse as the first Chairman of the President's Council of Economic Advisors. Kennedy and Johnson appointed many of their members to key posts. Carter's foreign policy became a resting place for the many of the group's recommendations.

President Johnson said that the purpose of his 'Great Society' legislation was to "try to take all of the money that we think is unnecessarily being spent and take it from the 'haves' and give it to the 'have-nots' that need it so much." Ralph Epperson, author of The Unseen Hand, one of the best books about the Master Conspiracy, said that Johnson was a "closet Communist."

Another well-known researcher, John Coleman, said that the Brookings Institution had developed and drafted the Great Society programs which were

"in every detail, simply lifted from Fabian Socialist papers drawn up in England. In some instances, Brookings did not even bother to change the titles of the Fabian Society papers. Once such instance was using 'Great Society,' which was taken directly from a Fabian Socialist paper from the same title."

After Socialist leader Eugene Debs died in 1926, Socialist Norman Thomas, who graduated from and was ordained by the Union Theological Seminary, became the leader of the Socialist Party, running for President six times. Thomas was happy with Johnson's vision and said: "I ought to rejoice and I do. I rub my eyes in amazement and surprise. His war on poverty is a Socialistic approach..."

Republicans regard the Brookings Institution as the "Democratic government-in-exile," yet, Nixon appointed Herbert Stein, a Brookings scholar, to be Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors. The Nixon Administration, who at one time had considered bombing the Brookings Institution in order to allow the FBI to seize their documents, had considered the idea of a "Brookings Institution for Republicans" to offset the liberalism of Brookings. They thought of calling it the Institute for an Informed America, or the Silent Majority Institute. E. Howard Hunt, of Watergate fame, was to be its first Director, but he wanted to turn it into a center for covert political activity.

The role of the "conservative Brookings" was taken by an existing research center called the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, which was founded in 1943 by Louis H. Brown (Chairman of the Board at Johns-Manville Corporation), to promote free enterprise ideas. During the early sixties, they shortened their name to the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), and later received a lot of financial support during the Nixon and Ford Administrations, when the organization became a pool from which they drew their advisors. When Carter was elected, the AEI became a haven for many Republican officials, including President Gerald Ford, and William E. Simon, the Secretary of Treasury.

The Committee for Economic Development

In 1941, Paul Gray Hoffman, President of the Studebaker Company and a Trustee of the University of Chicago, along with Robert Maynard Hutchins and William Benton, the University's President and Vice President, organized the American Policy Commission to apply the work of the University's scholars and economists to government policy. They later merged with an organization established in 1939 by Fortune magazine called the Fortune Round Table.

Starting out as a group of business, labor, agricultural, and religious leaders, they soon evolved into an Establishment organization, with such members as: Ralph McCabe (head of Scott Paper Co.), Henry Luce (Editor-in-Chief and co-founder of Time, Life, and Fortune magazines), Ralph Flanders (a Boston banker), Marshall Field (Chicago newspaper publisher), Clarence Francis (head of General Foods), Ray Rubicam (an advertising representative), and Beardsley Ruml (treasurer of Macy's Department Store in New York City, former Dean of Social Sciences at the University of Chicago, and Chairman of the New York Federal Reserve Bank, whose idea it was to deduct taxes from your paycheck).

At the beginning of World War II, Hoffman and Benton approached Jesse Jones, the Secretary of Commerce, with an idea for an 'American Policy Commission' to "analyze, criticize, and challenge the thinking and policies of business, labor, agriculture, and government," which Jones accepted and began to organize with their help. On September 3, 1942, the Committee for Economic Development (CED) was incorporated in Washington, D.C. (2000 L Street NW, Suite 700) to:

"...foster, promote, conduct, encourage, and finance scientific research, education, training, and publication in the broad field of economics in order that industry and commerce may be in a position, in the postwar period, to make their full contribution to high and secure standards of living for people in all walks of life through maximum employment and high productivity in our domestic economy; to promote and carry out these objects, purposes, and principles in a free society without regard to, and independently of the special interests of any group in the body politic, either political, social, or economic."

Basically, their work centered around how to prepare the U.S. economy for a smooth transition from a wartime to a peacetime environment without the occurrence of a major depression or recession. A 1944 CED Report, International Trade and Domestic Employment, by Duke University Professor Calvin B. Hoover, helped push the United States into the International Monetary Fund, which was laid out at the Bretton Woods Conference in June, 1944, by chief negotiators Harry Dexter White (of the CFR) and John Maynard Keynes (of the Fabian Society); and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), which both became part of the United Nations. It also helped motivate Establishment backing for what later emerged as the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs. About three years later, their report on An American Program of European Economic Cooperation was eventually developed into the strategy for European recovery that became part of the Marshall Plan. In fact, Hoffman, who became the first CED Chairman, later headed the Federal agency that administered the Marshall Plan.

After the War, while Hoover was on leave from Duke University, he worked with Hoffman to develop what eventually became known as the Marshall Plan. The group's later work laid the groundwork for regional government in the United States.

[Steve Gardner]

...Nixon

Richard Nixon Begins His Climb (1946-1965)

The career of Richard M. Nixon began in 1946, when, backed by Eastern Establishment money, he came out of obscurity to defeat incumbent Congressman Jerry Voorhis in California, who was anti-Federal Reserve. Voorhis wrote in a pamphlet called Dollars and Sense:

"...the representatives of the American people in Congress should speedily proceed to transfer the ownership of the 12 Federal Reserve Banks from the private ownership of the member banks to the ownership of the nation itself."

In 1952, Nixon and Earl Warren, then the Governor of California, helped create an Eisenhower majority within a California delegation that had been leaning towards Robert Taft, an anti-communist. Nixon was rewarded by being selected as the Vice-President, while Warren was named to the Supreme Court.

During the 1960 Republican Convention, Nixon, the Republican nominee, left Chicago and flew to New York where he secretly met with Nelson Rockefeller. A subsequent news release indicated that Rockefeller had requested the meeting, when in fact Nixon had. The result of the meeting was the Fourteen Points of the "Compact of Fifth Avenue," which injected Rockefeller's socialistic plans into the Platform of the Republican Party.

The Illuminati didn't want Nixon elected in 1960, and to insure that he wasn't, Eisenhower told the country that he couldn't think of a single thing that Nixon had done to help during the eight years of his Administration. That comment and his haggard appearance during the debates were the two main things that kept him from being elected.

After losing to Kennedy, Nixon ran for Governor in California, but lost to Pat Brown in 1962. He left his law practice, and moved to New York, where he worked as a partner in the law firm of John Mitchell, who was Rockefeller's personal attorney. He lived in an apartment at 810 Fifth Avenue, a building owned by Rockefeller. He was a CFR member from 1961-65, and it was during this time that Nixon rebuilt his political career.

The Kennedy Assassination (1963)

On November 22, 1963, the citizens of Dallas, Texas, found in their Dallas Morning News an unsigned leaflet titled "Wanted for Treason." At the top appeared John F. Kennedy's picture, and a list of reasons for the accusation. It was later discovered that it had been drafted at a Pepsi-Cola 'convention' in Dallas, by lawyers of the Rockefeller law firm of Nixon, Mudge, Rose, Guthrie, and Alexander, to be used as an attack on Kennedy during the 1963 Presidential campaign. There is more than one Kennedy Assassination researcher who feels that Nixon had prior knowledge of Kennedy's shooting, though no hard evidence has ever come to light.

While it is widely accepted that there was a conspiracy behind Kennedy's death, as the volumes of evidence prove, there has never been a single group pinpointed as the mastermind of such a plan. The complexities involved in such a cover-up certainly point to the Illuminati, because they are the only group in the world, operating behind the scenes, able to influence and control all the elements necessary to pull off something like this. His murder was carried out publicly, because they wanted the political leaders in this country to know who was in control.

Ten days before he was shot in Dallas, it has been reported that President Kennedy said in a speech at Columbia University: "The high office of President has been used to foment a plot to destroy the American's freedom, and before I leave office I must inform the citizen of this plight."

There has been a phenomenal amount of research done on the case of President Kennedy's murder, and it almost seems that when he died the tide changed in this country. The forces behind the assassination of Kennedy were able to change the course of history at will, and with the new-found confidence at their success, the power they gained literally allowed them to exert complete control over American government.

One fact that linked the Illuminati to the Kennedy conspiracy was the oil connection. Huge oil fields had been discovered off the coast of Vietnam in 1950, and Rockefeller was able to use oil as a ploy to ferment a fear that Vietnam would be lost to Communism, the way Cuba was. However, Kennedy wanted to end American involvement in the war, and in October, 1963, he recalled 1,000 so-called advisers. He planned to bring home all American soldiers by 1965. After Kennedy was eliminated, the U.S. government escalated the war in Vietnam. Billions of dollars was being made from the war, because war is good business. This money source would have ended otherwise.

The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was initiated in 1942 by President Roosevelt as an offshoot of the Coordinator of Information, and President Truman was the one responsible for its evolution into the Central Intelligence Agency in 1947. He also began to see its growing power. In a column that appeared in the Washington Post on December 21, 1963, he revealed his feelings about the agency:

"For some time I have been disturbed by the way the CIA has been diverted from its original assignment. It has become an operational and at times a policy-making arm of the government..."

On January 16, 1961, in his 'Farewell to the Nation,' President Eisenhower said:

"In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist. We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes."

Kennedy's hatred of the CIA was well-known. After the Bay of Pigs [Cuba] disaster, he fired CIA Director Allen Dulles (who had secretly developed plans to expand the Vietnam War), and said he wanted "to splinter the CIA in a thousand pieces and scatter it to the winds." Using a federal statute, Kennedy was going to force J. Edgar Hoover, the aging Director of the FBI, to retire, because he wanted somebody who better represented his "New Frontier".

Conservative in his economics, it was his intention to circumvent the Federal Reserve by returning the authority to "coin and regulate money" back to the Congress rather than have it manipulated by the international bankers who print the money and then loan in back to the federal government -- with interest. On June 4, 1963, he signed Executive Order #11110 which called for the issuance of $4.3 billion in United States Notes through the U.S. Treasury, rather than the Federal Reserve, very similar to what Abraham Lincoln did. The Order also provided for the issuance of:

"...silver certificates against any silver bullion, silver, or standard silver dollars in the Treasury not then held for redemption of any outstanding silver certificates, to prescribe the denominations of such silver certificates, and to coin standard silver dollars and subsidiary silver currency for their redemption..."

This meant that for every ounce of silver in the U.S. Treasury's vault, the government could issue money against it. This resulted in the introduction of more than $4 billion worth of U.S. Notes into circulation, consisting of $2.00 and $5.00 bills; and although they were never issued, $10.00 and $20.00 notes were in the process of being printed when Kennedy was killed. On Monday, November 25, 1963, the day of Kennedy's funeral, President Johnson signed an executive order to recall the U.S. Notes that had been issued by Kennedy's earlier directive, and five months later, the Series 1958 Silver Certificate was no longer issued and was subsequently removed from circulation.

And to top matters off, Kennedy advocated a strong West Germany, and after winning the showdown with Russia over Cuba, signed a limited nuclear test ban treaty with the Soviets. Needless to say, Kennedy's agenda was contrary to the plans for a New World Order. As Jacqueline Kennedy was getting ready to leave Air Force One when it arrived in Washington, still wearing the bloodstained clothing from Dallas, she said: "I want them to see what they have done." A very strange comment to make since Oswald [the "lone gunman"] was already in custody.

Nixon Becomes President (1968)

In 1968, Sen. Robert F. Kennedy promised an honorable end to the Vietnam War, and with Martin Luther King, Jr. delivering the Black support, Kennedy most likely would have been elected President. However, that did not fit into the plans of the Illuminati who wanted to prolong the war and wanted Nixon to be President because he represented the instrument that would perpetuate their goals. Again, there is plenty of evidence that points to a conspiracy in the assassinations of Bobby Kennedy, as well as King. The likelihood that the same forces were involved is evident, because again the course of the nation was altered to fit into their plans.

As a result, the responsibility of moving the country closer to Socialism and towards a one-world government was put upon Nixon's shoulders. Former Secretary of the Navy, William Mittendorf, Finance Chairman of Nixon's 1968 campaign, said that at 5:30 AM on the morning after Nixon's election victory, Nelson Rockefeller and William Rogers went to Nixon's room to help select his Cabinet.

He appointed John Mitchell, his campaign manager, to be his Attorney General. He appointed Henry Kissinger to be his Secretary of State, even though Kissinger's views were the complete opposite of his own. In reality, the Kissinger appointment was urged by Nelson Rockefeller so the Illuminati could control U.S. foreign policy. At the beginning of each of his terms, Nixon offered the post of Treasury Secretary to David Rockefeller, but he refused it. It was Nixon who chose George Bush, the former Texas Congressman, to be the Chairman of the Republican Party after Bush lost the Senate race to Democrat Lloyd Bentsen in Texas. Nixon later appointed him to be the Ambassador to the U.N., the Ambassador to China, and the Director of the CIA.

In his 1971 State of the Union Address, Nixon said:

"We in Washington will at last be able to provide government that is truly for the people. I realize that what I am asking, is that not only the Executive Branch, but even the Congress will have to change by giving up some of its power."

Three days later, he announced that the country was being divided up into ten Federal Districts, and in February, 1972, he signed Executive Order #11647, which gave the government the power to accomplish that division. The Ten Regional Councils, a direct extension of the Executive Branch, since then, have been getting control of local, county, and state governmental functions, through federal loans.

Nixon told ABC news correspondent Howard K. Smith that he was "Keynesian in economics." This was a reference to John Maynard Keynes, the English economist and Fabian socialist, who said he was promoting the "euthanasia of capitalism." Even though his policies had already indicated it, Nixon was basically saying that he was a Socialist.

Nixon had resigned from the CFR in 1962, when it became an issue in the California gubernatorial primary campaign, but later rejoined. In his book, Six Crises, he wrote: "Admitting Red China to the United Nations would be a mockery of the provision of the Charter which limits its membership to 'peace-loving nations'..." Yet he wrote in the October, 1967 edition of [the CFR journal] Foreign Affairs about how he would have a new policy towards Red China. Even after a July 15, 1971 statement on Radio Peking in China that called for the "people of the world, (to) unite and defeat the U.S. aggressors and all their running dogs," Nixon accepted an invitation by Premier Chou En Lai to go to China, where the groundwork for trade relations was established.

The Watergate Affair (1972)

In the early 1970's, things began to go sour for Nixon. It was the establishment newspapers, the Washington Post and the New York Times, who forced a third-rate burglary onto the front pages and turned Watergate into a major media event which forced President Nixon to resign from office. As more and more facts came out, it was quite obvious that Watergate was a move by the Illuminati to get rid of an uncooperative President.

Watergate can actually be traced back to 1956, when Nixon's brother Donald received a secret loan from Howard Hughes. It proved to be embarrassing when it surfaced during the 1960 Presidential election. Nixon vowed revenge against the Democrats, and later discovered that Democratic Party Chairman Lawrence F. O'Brien had been secretly retained by Hughes. Nixon sent a memo to Chief of Staff H.R. Haldeman in January, 1971 [directing] his Special Counsel Charles Colson to get the proof so that they could expose him.

It was believed that the second break-in at the Democratic National Committee [offices at the Watergate complex] on June 16-17, 1972, was to retrieve any derogatory information the Democrats had on the Republicans, but it was later revealed that the main goal was to place a bug on the frequently used phone that was in the area of the DNC that housed the offices of R. Spencer Oliver, his secretary, and the Chairman of the State Democratic Governors organization.

In March, 1974, financier Robert Vesco told CBS's Walter Cronkite in an interview, that six months before Watergate, a group had come to him who:

"...were going to attempt to get initial indictments of some high officials using this as a launching board to get public opinion in their favor and using the press media to a great degree. The objective was to reverse the outcome of the public election."

There had been an article in the Washington Post pertaining to a secret contribution to the Republican Party, and this group of Democrats had gone to him seeking more information to use against Nixon. The three people that Robert Vesco dealt with "were names that everyone would recognize (who) held extremely high posts in past Administrations." Vesco told New York Times writer Neil Cullinan, that Watergate was intentionally created to stop Nixon.

Nixon aide Bruce Herschenson said that the Watergate plot was deliberately sabotaged "by a non-elected coalition of power groups." Former CIA agent James W. McCord, Jr., the security chief for the Committee to Re-Elect the President, has been accused of being a double agent and used to bring Nixon down by sabotaging the break-in at the Watergate Hotel.

There is evidence to believe that the police had been tipped off on the night of the break-in. Detective Lt. Carl Shoffler, and three other officers, who usually went off duty at midnight, just happened to stay on for the next shift, and was parked just a minute away from the hotel complex. When the security guard Frank Wills found the tape on the door [latch] and called the police, it was those officers who came immediately to arrest the White House 'plumbers' (Special Investigations Unit). To top it off, McCord and Shoffler were friends.

McCord had entered the Watergate while it was still open, and put some tape on one of the doors so it wouldn't lock. The tape was put on horizontally, so that it could be seen between the doors. When the 'plumbers' arrived hours later, instead of the doors being open they were locked, which indicated that the piece of tape had been discovered. They left, since there was no longer any assurance of a successful operation.

McCord told them to go back and pick the lock, since the police had not been called. E. Howard Hunt and his Cuban accomplices did this, and left tape on the door for McCord to get in. About five minutes later he joined them. He was supposed to remove the tape from the door, but he didn't; however, he told the other 'plumbers' that he had. He also instructed them to shut-off their walkie-talkies so the static wouldn't be heard, which means they were inside the office without being able to hear any outside communications taking place. They were caught, when Wills discovered the door taped for a second time.

Afterward, on March 19, 1973, McCord wrote a letter to Judge John J. Sirica, which turned the Watergate affair into a national crisis, by saying that Attorney General John Mitchell was involved, that campaign money was used to pay the 'plumbers', and that the White House was trying to blame the CIA; when in fact the White House had engineered the entire operation, and Nixon covered it up. This came after Nixon held a press conference to say: "There is no involvement by the White House."

In the years since Watergate occurred, one simple fact seems to have emerged, and that is that Nixon probably had no prior knowledge of the break-in. White House Counsel John Dean III ordered it and "deceived the President of the United States into joining a conspiracy to obstruct justice in order to cover up a crime that Nixon had not committed."

Haig, Kissinger and Nixon's Downfall

If it weren't for the discovery of the Watergate tapes, Nixon may very well have survived the scandal. Gen. Alexander M. Haig, Jr., an aide to National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger who later became Nixon's Chief of Staff, controlled the vault where the tapes were kept, and secretly made copies of the transcripts available.

Haig became Cyrus Vance's (CFR member, Secretary of the Army, later Deputy Secretary of Defense under Robert McNamara, who was also a CFR member) assistant in 1962. After a short tour of duty in Vietnam in 1966 where he was decorated for bravery, he was made a full colonel in 1968. He transferred to West Point to assist Commandant Gen. Andrew Goodpaster (CFR) for two years, after which Goodpaster recommended Haig to Kissinger in 1969, and Haig was put on the National Security Council.

In less than a year, [Haig] was promoted to general, and in two more years, to major-general. Although he had served only four months as a battalion commander and one month as a brigade commander, in 1972 he was given four stars and nominated for Army Vice Chief of Staff. It was said that 183 other generals who were more deserving were passed over. Ford would later promote him to Supreme Allied Commander in Europe. He resigned in 1979 because he was critical of Carter's defense and foreign policies. He became the chief operating officer of United Technologies, only to return to government for 18 months as Reagan's Secretary of State. Haig was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.

John Dean claimed that 'Deep Throat,' the man who leaked information to Bob Woodward of the Washington Post, was Alexander Haig. Haig denied it. Woodward had claimed that he didn't meet Haig until 1973, however, it has since been revealed that prior to Woodward becoming a reporter he was a lieutenant in the Navy, and as a special briefing officer had contact with Haig at the National Security Office in the White House. It now appears that Haig had a huge role in bringing Nixon down.

So why did the Illuminati turn against Nixon? In addition to the previously mentioned economic changes, he infuriated Kissinger by bombing North Vietnam without consulting anyone. It was even rumored that Nixon was planning to get rid of Kissinger. However, Kissinger was the Illuminati's man in the White House and his job was to control Nixon, so he was the one running the show.

Some very interesting information surfaced about Henry Kissinger. In 1961, Col. Gen. Michael Goleniewski of Polish Intelligence (GZI) defected to the United States bringing with him 5,000 pages of secret documents, 160 microfilms of secret reports, 800 pages of Russian intelligence reports, plus the names of hundreds of Soviet agents in American and Europe. State Department Security Officer, John Norpel, Jr., testified before the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee that the information provided by Goleniewski was never proven to be inaccurate, and Goleniewski was honored by the 88th Congress for his efforts. [1]

The documents indicated that after World War II, Russia established an ODRA spy ring in Poland to infiltrate British and American intelligence. The GZI discovered that one communist agent code-named 'Bor' had worked with another agent, Ernst Bosenhard (a clerk at the U.S. Intelligence Headquarters in Oberammergau, Germany), who had been sending secret documents to Moscow. Bosenhard was convicted of espionage in 1951. 'Bor' returned to the United States and was secretly working with the CIA while teaching at Harvard University. 'Bor' was identified as Sgt. Henry Alfred Kissinger.

Kissinger became a consultant on security matters during the Administrations of Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson; and served as Nelson Rockefeller's chief advisor on foreign affairs. In his book White House Years, he called Rockefeller "the single most influential person in my life." His book, Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy, in 1957, established him as the leading authority on U.S. strategic policy, and he was the one who initiated the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT). There should be little doubt where his allegiances are in regard to his support of one-world government.

Nixon also angered the Illuminati because of his choice of Vice Presidents. After Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned because of income tax evasion charges, Establishment insiders had urged Nixon to appoint Nelson Rockefeller. However, Nixon instead appointed Gerald Ford to be his Vice President (who, when he became President, did appoint Rockefeller to be his V.P.). If Rockefeller had been appointed, he would have become President after Nixon was destroyed. So Nixon ruined their plans and may have known that, because after he resigned he was having problem with a swollen leg and said that if he had gone to Bethesda Naval Hospital to get it taken care of he would have "never come out alive."

Two years later, Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme would attempt to shoot Gerald Ford on September 5, 1975; and on September 22, 1975, Sara Jane Moore would also attempt to shoot Ford. Moore said she was trying to expose the nation's "phony system of government" by elevating "Nelson Rockefeller to the Presidency." In a June, 1976, Playboy interview, she said that there was

"... a part that I don't think I can talk about. I just haven't figured out a way to talk about it and protect everyone. I'm not saying that anyone helped me plan it. I'm not just saying that there are other things... which means there are other people, though not in terms of a conspiracy. There are areas I'm not willing to talk about for a lot of reasons."

The article also said that U.S. District Judge Samuel Conti, "added to the air of mystery surrounding her case (and) sealed all the trial evidence." This certainly gives some serious overtones to the attempts on Ford's life, [especially] if they were actually intended to elevate Nelson Rockefeller to the Presidency.

Continued -->

[Steve Gardner]

...Nixon

Continued -->

Nixon Resists his Removal

The bottom line seems to be that Nixon got cocky. With the Illuminati hoping to have world control by 1976 (it was "rescheduled" for the mid-eighties) Nixon was hoping to follow in the steps of Woodrow Wilson and Franklin D. Roosevelt who were virtual dictators, and began acting on his own to bring about change so he could head the world government. On May 21, 1971, James Reston (CFR) wrote in an article that appeared in the New York Times:

"Mr. Nixon would obviously like to preside over the creation of a new world order, and believes he sees an opportunity to do so in the last twenty months of his first term."

In the summer of 1973, Republicans partial to Nixon had announced to the Washington media that they wanted Nixon to be elected to a third term and had organized a group known as 'The Committee to Repeal the Twenty-Second Amendment'. The movement sort of died within a couple of weeks. Then in October, came the rumor that Nixon may be considering a military coup to stay in office. Gen. Alexander Haig told the Congress during his confirmation hearings for the position of Secretary of State on January, 1981, that some people in Washington were "flirting with solutions which would have been extra-Constitutional". Watergate Special Prosecutor Leon Jaworski warned the grand jury that if they decided to indict Nixon he might use force to remain in office. In June, 1982, Harold Evans, Watergate grand juror, appearing on a segment of the ABC-TV news show "20/20." said that Jaworski told them that if they indicted Nixon he might "surround the White House with armed forces."

On October 26, 1973, in a Washington Star article called "Has President Nixon Gone Crazy?" syndicated columnist Carl Rowan wrote: "...in the face of a vote to impeach he might try, as 'commander-in-chief' to use military forces to keep himself in power." In another article called "The Pardon," in the August, 1983 edition of the Atlantic Monthly, Seymour Hersh, one of Nixon's Joint Chiefs of Staff, wrote that in a December 22, 1973 meeting:

"He kept on referring to the fact that he may be the last hope, (that) the Eastern elite was out to get him. He kept saying, 'This is our last and best hope. The last chance to resist the fascists'. His words brought me straight up out of my chair. I felt the President, without the words having been said, was trying to sound us out to see if we would support him in some extra-constitutional action ...

(Secretary of Defense James) Schlesinger began to investigate what forces could be assembled at his order as a counterweight to the Marines, if Nixon -- in a crisis -- chose to subvert the Constitution. The notion that Nixon could at any time resort to extraordinary steps to preserve his presidency was far more widespread in the government than the public perceived..."

He felt it would be led by General Robert Cushman, the Marine Representative on the Joint Chiefs of Staff, who had been loyal to Nixon ever since he had been his military aide while he was the Vice President under Eisenhower. Schlesinger, in July, 1974, believing the Washington contingent of Marines to be the probable force used in a coup attempt began developing a strategy to bring in the Army's 82nd Airborne Division from Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

On August 2, 1974, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger admitted that General Haig had informed him that Nixon was considering the idea of surrounding the White House with troops. In an August 27, 1974 article in the Washington Post titled "Military Coup Fears Denied," the fact was revealed that:

"Defense Secretary James Schlesinger requested a tight watch in the military chain of command to ensure that no extraordinary orders went out from the White House during the period of uncertainty (and) that no commanders of any forces should carry out orders which came from the White House, or elsewhere, outside the normal military channels."

Tantamount to a military coup, and contrary to the Constitution, the Joint Chiefs of Staff sent a secret communiqué to all Commanders of the U.S. military forces around the world: "Upon receipt of this message you will no longer carry out any orders from the White House. Acknowledge receipt."

Rather than a plot by the Illuminati to militarily take over the government, it seemed to be more of an attempt by Nixon to keep from getting pushed out of office by the powers that actually run this country. In the end, he knew what kind of power he was dealing with and resigned his office on August 9th rather than risk what remaining credibility he had by trying to grab what he could not hold. His resignation also prevented an impeachment trial which may have allowed secret information to come to light.

---

Sidebar: Goleniewski and the Murder of the Romanovs

The Goleniewski story took on additional meaning when in 1965 former CIA Chief of Research and Analysis, Herman E. Kimsey, used fingerprint, dental and medical records, handwriting analysis, blood tests, and interviews with childhood friends and relatives to reach a conclusion that Goleniewski was actually Aleksei Romanov, the son of Nicholas II, who survived the alleged Communist massacre of the Russian Royal family.

The Bolshevik government had claimed that in the middle of the night, July 16, 1918, they had captured the seven members of the Russian Imperial family, which included the Czar Nicholas, his wife (Alexandra), son (Aleksei), and four daughters (Olga, Tatiana, Maria, and Anastasia); as well as Dr. Eugene Botkin, the imperial physician, and three servants; and murdered them in the basement of the Ipatiev house in Ekaterinburg (now Sverdlovsk). They took their bodies fourteen miles away to the abandoned Four Brothers Mine, soaked the bodies with gasoline, attempted to burn them, and buried them in the swamp. They were only successful in burning the two youngest ones, Aleksei and Anastasia. Their personal belongings were thrown down a mine shaft. Fearing that they would be discovered, two days later, the bodies were retrieved. Those remaining were buried in the middle of a dirt road, where in 1979, they were discovered by a local historian and Soviet television personality, who excavated two skulls, analyzed them, and then reburied them. The discovery was finally announced in 1989.

In 1991, the final resting place of the Romanov's was "reopened for the last time," and the remains, a box of bones purported to be five of the seven Romanov's, were removed for DNA analysis. In 1995, the tests results were released, which indicated that the remains were that of the Royal family. However, many Russians doubted the claims, and in 1998, when a funeral was finally held, the head of the Russian Orthodox Church ordered the officiating priest not to refer to Romanov's by name, but instead, as the "victims of the Revolution." The priest said before the funeral: "The truth is I don't know who I am burying."

According to the official report, there were a total of 23 people in the cellar, which measured 17 feet by 14 feet. One of the first investigator's on the scene, Captain Malinovsky, of the Officer's Commission, concluded: "As a result of my work on this case I became convinced that the imperial family was alive. It appeared to me that the Bolsheviks had shot someone in the room in order to simulate the murder of the imperial family..." Some have suggested that it was only Dr. Botkin and the servants who were shot.

In December, 1970, documents released by the British Government revealed that President Wilson backed a secret mission to Russia that resulted in the rescue of the Czar and his family, who were smuggled out of Russia in the back of trucks, and then taken by ship to Europe where they have lived since 1918. The Report said that, "Sir William Wiseman, a partner in the New York banking house of Kuhn, Loeb & Co.," received $75,000 from the U.S. government as part of a "scheme" for a secret mission to rescue the Czar and his family.

Prince Kuli-Mirza, commander of the 'White Russian' forces, believed that the Royal family survived, and showed Gleb Botkin, the son of the Czar's doctor, documents which said that "the imperial family had first been taken to a monastery in the province of Perm, and later to Denmark." A 1919 book called Rescuing the Czar, by James P. Smyth, who identified himself as an American secret agent, revealed how he led the Romanovs through a secret tunnel to the British Consulate in Ekaterinburg, and from there they were secretly taken to Tibet.

The remains of the two youngest of the Romanov children, Aleksei and Maria, have never officially been located; and through the years, there has been some evidence to suggest that Aleksei and Anastasia may have survived the execution. An entry in the diary of Richard Meinertzhagen, a former British intelligence agent, suggested that one of the Czar's daughters escaped; and in the 1993 book The Romanov Conspiracies, British writer, Michael Occleshaw, also claimed that one of the Czar's daughters survived.

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk between Russia and Germany, which was signed on March 3, 1918 to end the hostilities between them, was said to also contain a codicil that guaranteed that the Romanov's would not be harmed. The Russian people were to continue believing that they were dead, so the communists could replace the monarchy. It had been hoped that the Bolshevik government wouldn't survive, so they could return, but it never happened.

On June 11, 1971, the New York Daily Mirror announced the exclusive publication of "Reminiscences of Observations" by 'His Imperial Highness Aleksei Nicholaevich Romanoff, Tsarevich and Grand Duke of Russia.' The U.S. Government never officially recognized Goleniewski as a Romanov, because history reported that prince had suffered from hemophilia, an incurable genetic disease, but Goleniewski didn't.

The Czar left millions in American and European banks, which today is worth billions, and some researchers have made the claim, that the respective governments wanted to keep the Romanovs "dead," because without the existence of a surviving heir, the money that had been left behind probably had already been 'taken' by the international bankers. Goleniewski pledged that as the Czar's heir, if he would be granted his rightful inheritance, he would use the money to destroy Communism.

[Steve Gardner]

...Elders of Zion

The Uncertain Origin of the "Protocols"

The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion is a 25,000 word document, which contains 24 'Protocols' by a member of a secret group of Jews, known as the Elders of Zion. It purported to be an outline for the control of the world by the Jews, with the help of the Masons. The document has been used to prove that the Illuminati is an exclusively Jewish plan for world domination, and has put the Jewish race in a bad light. In the course of some very intense research, I have not found any concrete evidence to prove this accusation. There is no 'Jewish' conspiracy. Even though the Illuminati's founders were Jewish, and many influential Jews were part of the inner circle, that is no reason to indict the entire Jewish race.

The Bible identifies the Jews as God's chosen people, so it is highly unlikely that, as a race, they are behind such a Satanic plot. It has even been said that the people in Israel are not true Jews. One only has to look at the history of Israel, and see how they have been able to miraculously survive, to see that this is nothing but anti-Semitic rhetoric. It is not race, which is the common denominator here; it is money and greed. For the most part, the conspiracy has been dominated by the Europeans, and perpetuated by the English-speaking countries of the world.

No one is quite sure about [the authorship of] this notorious document or how it fits into the puzzle of the one-world government conspiracy. We know that its influence was taken advantage of by the Illuminati ... It is either true, or a clever forgery. If it is true, how much of it is true? If it is a forgery, it most certainly was based upon a factual document. Whatever the case, it is included in this book because it may contain some clues about the early stages of the Illuminati conspiracy, and the people behind it.

[see note E1]

French Jesuit, the Abbé Barruel, who in 1797 wrote the five-volume Memoire pou servir á l'histoire du Jacobinisme received a copy of a letter in 1806 from J. B. Simonini, an army officer in Florence. In it was a statement that the Jews "promised themselves that in less than a century, they would be the masters of the world." This letter had been widely circulated in France. It was later revealed that the letter had been fabricated by the French police to turn Napoleon against the Jews.

In 1848, Hermann Goedsche, a German postal official, forged letters indicating that Benedic Waldeck was conspiring to assassinate Frederick William IV, the King of Prussia. After it became known that they were forgeries, he was removed from his job and he began writing under the pseudonym Sir John Retcliffe. One of his novels Biarritz written in 1868 contained a chapter titled "In the Jewish Cemetery in Prague" in which the heads of the twelve tribes of Israel met with Satan to tell him of their plans to control the world. However, the covert proceeding was witnessed by two men who then dedicated their lives to fighting the Satanic Jewish plot.

In 1872, Russian anti-Semites printed the chapter in a pamphlet, as fiction based on fact. It was reprinted in 1876 and 1880. In July, 1881 the story was published in the French paper Le Contemporain as fact and all of the speeches by each tribal head were consolidated into a single speech supposedly made by a chief rabbi in a secret meeting of influential Jews. To substantiate the claim, it was said to have been taken from a forthcoming book by English diplomat Sir John Readclif (a take-off on Goedsche's pen name) called Annals of the Political and Historic Events of the Last Ten Years.

In 1891, the story appeared in the Russian newspaper Novorossiysky Telegraf which [claimed] that the speech was made in 1869 by a rabbi to a secret Sanhedrin meeting (possibly referring to the First Congress of Reformed Judaism, held in Leipzig). Its authenticity, again, was supported by the fictional Sir John Readclif. Later, in the October 21, 1920 issue of La Vielle France the newspaper said there was a striking analogy between the Protocols of the Elders of Zion and the discourse of Rabbi Reichhorn, presented in Prague in 1869 over the tomb of the Grand Rabbi Simeon-ben-Ihuda.

Early in 1900, this fictional speech was used to instigate pogroms against the Jews and became known as "The Rabbi's Speech." In 1903, an anti-Semite, P. A. Khrushevan used the speech to provoke a pogrom at Kishinev, in the Ukraine, in which 45 Jews were killed and 400 injured, in an incident that destroyed 1,300 Jewish homes and shops. The speech is now used to 'prove' the authenticity of the Protocols.

The document known as the Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion, seems to be a conglomeration of many anti-Jewish publications during that period. In 1869, Gougenot de Mousseaux wrote a book that said that the world was being taken over by a group of Satan-worshipping Jews, out of which a man would emerge that the Jews would worship as their returned Messiah.

In 1881, Abbé Chabauty wrote a 600-page book that said Satan was using the Jews to prepare the way for the Antichrist. His second book, published in 1882, included two letters that were allegedly written in 1489 by a Jewish leader who spoke of the Jews rising up to "dominate the world." These letters have come to be known as the Letters of the Jews of Constantinople. They were actually satirical comments on the Spanish Jews.

In 1893, Monsignor Meurin, the Archbishop of Port Louis, Mauritius said:

"Freemasonry is fundamentally Jewish, exclusively Jewish, passionately Jewish, from the beginning to the end," and that "someday history will tell how all the revolutions of recent centuries originated in the Masonic sect under the supreme command of the Jews."

He said that the Masons of the 33rd degree were the leaders of the conspiracy, and indeed the Protocols are signed: "...by the representatives of Zion, of the 33rd degree." In World Conquest by the Jews, Osman-Bey wrote that in 1840 a meeting of eminent Jewish leaders was held in Cracow, Poland, to discuss the expansion of Judaism over the entire world. This book became the framework for the Protocols.

Sergei Nilus

Victor E. Marsden, the Russian correspondent for The Morning Post of London, wrote in his 1934 English translation of the Protocols that in 1884, Joseph Schorst, a Jew who was a member of the Mizraim Lodge stole the document and sold it for 2,500 francs to Justine Glinka, the daughter of a Russian General. She in turn gave the French document and a Russian translation to Gen. Orgevskii in St. Petersburg who gave it to his superior, Gen. Cherevin, who filed it. Glinka was later arrested, returned to Russia, and exiled to her estate in Orel; while Schorst was killed in Egypt. It had also been reported that Glinka had given a copy to Alexis Sukhotin, a law enforcement official in Orel, who then showed them to two friends, Stepanov, and Professor Sergei Nilus, a religious mystic.

Nilus showed them to the Czar in 1903, who believed them to be fraudulent and ordered that all copies were to be destroyed. After Nilus was banned from the Court, it is believed that he may have altered the text to be more intense than it originally was. However, as far as the mysterious references to the "representatives of Sion, of the 33rd degree," he would not have any idea what this meant, and probably would not have altered this and any other in-kind references.

The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion first appeared, in a shortened form, in an August, 1903 edition of the Kishinev newspaper in the Ukraine; then in 1905, in the appendix of the third edition of a book by Nilus called The Great in the Small, which was about the coming of the Antichrist. Nilus said that the Protocols were translated from the French text of a speech made to 300 influential Jews; a prostitute allegedly stole the document from a leading Jew.

A copy was received by the British Museum in London in August, 1906, where it was translated by English journalist Victor Marsden, who published it in 1921. Marsden said that he couldn't work on the translation for more than an hour at a time, because of the evil he felt while reading it. In 1917, Nilus revised and expanded his book, which he called, He is Near, At the Door: Here Comes the Antichrist and the Reign of the Devil on Earth. Nilus wrote:

"These Protocols are nothing else than a strategic plan for the conquest of the world ... presented to the Council of the Elders by ... Theodor Herzl, at the time of the first Zionist Congress (held by the World Zionist Organization in 1897, at Basel, Switzerland)."

However, in his 1905 edition, he said that the Protocols had been given in 1902-03. In fact, with each subsequent edition that appeared in different countries, the origin of the document was different.

Maurice Joly

From August 16-18 in 1921, the New York Times ran editorials by Phillip Graves, a London Times correspondent, who said that the Protocols had been copied from a rare 1864 French political satire called Dialogues in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu (also referred to as the Dialogues of Geneva by the London Times because Geneva had been identified as a center of revolutionary activities) by lawyer Maurice Joly (1831-1878).

This was a pamphlet containing a conversation between Montesquieu (presenting a case for liberalism) and Machiavelli (who represented autocracy) which criticized the government of Napoleon III, who was deposed in 1871. Being illegal to criticize the Monarchy, he fictionalized it, making Napoleon the character of Machiavelli to explain the Emperor's underlying motives. Joly had it printed in Belgium, then attempted to have it smuggled over the French border. It was seized by the police who confiscated as many copies as they could then banned the book. The police traced the book to Joly who was then tried on April 25, 1865 and sentenced to fifteen months in prison. At the Berne trials a witness for the prosecution tried to prove that Joly was a Jew and that his book was a coded version of the Jewish plan for world domination. Another writer, Victor Hugo (1802-1885), a Grand Master of the Prieuré de Sion (1844-1885) who in 1849 made a reference to the 'United States of Europe', wrote satirical poetry against Napoleon III.

As it turns out, over 160 passages from the Protocols are similar to Joly's book, which is about half the text. Some sections are almost word for word. The only major change is that it was altered from the past, to the future.

Some researchers believe that either Joly was given the minutes to a Masonic meeting by Adolphe Cremieux (a Mason and Rosicrucian) who urged Joly to write the book, which he did under the pseudonym of "Mr. X"; or that the minutes were from a Marxist meeting which took place in a Masonic lodge in Geneva and had been stored in the archives of the Mizraim Masonic Lodge in Paris where Cremieux, who sat on the Supreme Council, discovered them.

Elie de Cyon

Who could have forged the Protocols isn't known, if in fact it is a forgery. Some researchers claim it was done in Russia in 1904 by agents of the Czar. However, the general consensus is that it was probably done by Elie de Cyon (Ilya Tsion), a Russian journalist living in Paris, who was an opponent of Sergey Witte, the Russian Minister of Finance.

When Witte took office in 1892, he began to modernize Russia by doubling steel, iron, and coal production and constructing railroads. He was disliked by those who had their money tied up in agriculture. He caused inflation by abandoning the gold standard in 1898 because of an economic slump. The Protocols say that such economic depressions are caused by the Elders to gain control of the money and that the gold standard has ruined every country that has adopted it. Researchers say that the economic and financial data could have been extracted from Joly's book and applied to Witte in order to present him as a tool of the Elders of Zion.

So, Cyon allegedly forged and translated the Protocols, expanding them as a satire on Witte. His writings resembled the style used in the Protocols and he was known to have used another French satire on a dead statesman by changing the names. In 1897, Gen. Pyotr Ivanovich Rachkovsky, head of the Russian Secret Police in Paris, on instructions from Witte broke into Cyon's villa at Territet, Switzerland, to look for additional written attacks on Witte. It is believed that Rachkovsky discovered the Protocols there, and used it for a dual purpose. He could use it against the Jews, claiming it was part of a Jewish conspiracy; and he could reveal that it was written by a Jew, which Cyon was, thus destroying Cyon. It was kind of ironic that the Russian translation for Cyon's name 'Tsion' means 'Zion.' In 1921, Count Alexandru du Chayla said that Nilus revealed to him in 1909 that the Protocols were fraudulent, and had been sent to him by Gen. Rachkovsky.

During the 1934 trial of two Swiss Nazis in Berne, brought by a group of Jews who accused them of distributing the Protocols, the historian Vladimir Burtsev and a professor, Sergey Svatikov, testified that Rachkovsky and other Czarist officials had a hand in the fabrication of the Protocols. In 1891, Rachkovsky sent a letter to the Police, and announced his intentions to oppose the Jews. This was followed up by a book that stated his views about the Jews and how, as a result of the French Revolution, they controlled Europe. It is quite possible that he added to Cyon's manuscript to produce the Protocols, and then gave it to Sergei Nilus to publish in his book. Czar Nicholas II even identified the Protocols as being fraudulent. On May 14, 1935, the Court of Berne ruled that the Protocols were not of Jewish origin.

To complicate matters even more, a book by Jacob Venedey, called Machiavelli: Montesquieu and Rousseau, which was published in Berlin, in 1850, also contained passages very similar to the Protocols.

The "Protocols" as a Tool for Political Agitation

Standard Oil allegedly had the Protocols distributed in Russia to create a tense situation between the Czarist Russian government and the Jewish-owned Royal Dutch Co., which had oil distribution rights in Russia. The document was also used in the late 1800's to instigate pogroms against the Jews so they would migrate to the United States. Once they were in America, they were registered to vote Democratic and greatly contributed to Wilson's election in 1912.

During the Russian Civil War from 1918-20, Bolsheviks distributed the Protocols, and in the subsequent pogroms over 100,000 Jews were killed. During World War II, the document gave Hitler an excuse to exterminate the Jews, and there is evidence which indicates that he was financed and controlled by the Illuminati.

Eventually the Protocols were distributed all over the world, and it gave the anti-Semitic people of various countries an excuse to persecute the Jews. In 1920, U.S. industrialist Henry Ford supported them in a series of articles in his newspaper The Dearborn Independent and eventually in his book The International Jew, which he published in 1921. On February 17, 1921, in New York World, Ford said:

"The only statement I care to make about the Protocols is that they fit in with what is going on. They are sixteen years old, and they have fitted the world situation up to this time. They fit it now."

The German translation [of Ford's book] was known as The Eternal Jew. Ford supported Hitler, who was seen as fighting against the international Jewish conspiracy. In 1927, he renounced his belief in the Protocols after his car was sideswiped forcing it over a steep embankment. He interpreted this as an attempt on his life by elitist Jews.

In 1938, Father Charles E. Coughlin printed [the Protocols] in his weekly paper Social Justice, and various other semi-religious organizations followed suit.

Those researchers who believe in the authenticity of the Protocols trace them back to 1785 when the Illuminati courier was struck by lightning on the way to Paris and their plans for world control was discovered. The Illuminati had drafted a master plan that was worded in such a way that it diverted attention away from the Illuminati and directed it towards the Jewish Revolutionary movement in Russia. Their plan would appear to be a Jewish plot to achieve world control through political Zionism, when in fact it represented the future plans of the international bankers of the Illuminati. The fact that the document was anti-Semitic would help suppress it.

One inescapable fact is that the Protocols do reflect some of the views of Weishaupt and the writings of various Socialists on Bolshevism; and because of that, they were not easily dismissed. Even though they were written so long ago, they have become an accurate barometer of events during this century, and seem to parallel the goals of the Illuminati as you can see in these excerpts from the Victor Marsden translation.

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E1. A comment from a Catholic author about the true source of the 'Protocols' document:

"Although first published in Russia in 1903, The Protocols Of [The Learned Elders Of] Zion had their origin in France and date from the Dreyfus Affair, of which the Jesuits were the chief instigators. They were planned also first to take effect in France, by the overthrow of the 'Judaic-Masonic' government of the French Republic. But the discovery of the gigantic fraud of Leo Taxil, who had been openly supported by the Jesuits, the concluding of the Franco-Russian alliance, along with the Vatican's difficulties with the French government at that time, made it more opportune to have them appear first in Russia.

"These Protocols of supposedly Jewish leaders are not the first documents of their kind fabricated by the Jesuits. For over a hundred years before these Protocols appeared, the Jesuits had continued to make use of a similar fraud called 'The Secrets Of The Elders Of Bourg-Fontaine' against Jansenism -- an anti-Jesuit French Catholic movement among the secular clergy."

-- Leo H. Lehmann, from "Behind the Dictators", 1945

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