Final Warning: A History of the New World Order

[Steve Gardner]

Source: The Modern History Project

Illuminism and the master plan for world domination
-- by David Rivera, 1994 source: View From the Wall

Table of Contents

1: The Birth of Tyranny
The Freemasons, the Illuminati, and the House of Rothschild

1.1: The Freemasons
A brief history of the Freemasons in England and America
1.2: The Order of the Illuminati
The development of the Order of the Illuminati, and their infiltration of the Masonic Lodge
1.3: The Illuminati in America
The Illuminati organization spreads from Europe to America
1.4: The Rothschilds
The formation of the Rothschild banking dynasty and their support of the Illuminati program

2: Financial Background
The history of U.S. central banking, the income tax, and the private foundations of the elite

2.1: The Bank of the United States
European financial interests attempt to recapture the United States
2.2: Creation of the Federal Reserve System
Jacob Schiff, Paul Warburg, Jekyll Island and the creation of the Fed
2.3: The Federal Reserve System Begins Operation
Theft of the gold, fiat currency, inflation, and debt slavery
2.4: The Federal Income Tax
Collecting the interest payments for the owners of the Federal Reserve
2.5: Tax-exempt Foundations
How the elite protects their wealth while controlling education, research and public policy

3: World War I and the League of Nations
War profiteering, the League of Nations, and the seal of the Illuminati

4: Communism and Racial Tension
Promoting racial tension to destabilize American society

5: Elite Political Organizations
The Fabian Socialists, the Round Table and the Council on Foreign Relations

5.1: The Fabians, the Round Table, and the Rhodes Scholars
The Rhodes-Milner group continues the Illuminati program
5.2: The Council on Foreign Relations
The origin and goals of the elite U.S. policy organization
5.3: CFR Influence in Government, Media and Business
The pervasive influence of CFR members over all aspects of society
5.4: The Rise and Fall of Richard Nixon
Nelson Rockefeller, the CFR, and their role in the Nixon Presidency

6: World War II
How the Illuminati engineered the war to further the world government program

6.1: The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion
A document of dubious origin that reveals the Illuminati program of control
6.2: World War II and the Buildup of Communism
The rise of Adolf Hitler, the financing of German industry, and the buildup of Soviet Communism
6.3: The Pearl Harbor Deception
Roosevelt intentionally provoked Japan into attacking Pearl Harbor

7: The Spread of Communism
The origin and worldwide spread of Communism

7.1: The Origins of Communism
Socialist and communist experiments during the 1700s and 1800s
7.2: Marx, Engels and the Socialist International
Karl Marx, the Communist Manifesto, and the rise of Socialism in Europe
7.3: Lenin, Trotsky and the Bolshevik Revolution
The Soviet Union is formed with the financial support of the Western oligarchs
7.4: Stalin and Western Support of the Soviet Union
Stalin takes power, the Soviets fight the Nazis, and the bankers control both sides
7.5: Communist Revolutions in China and Asia
Communists allowed to take over China, Korea, South Asia and Vietnam
7.6: Communist Revolution in Cuba
Fidel Castro takes power in Cuba with U.S. support, leading to a showdown with the Soviets
7.7: The Soviet Challenge to America
Soviet rhetoric, subversion, military preparation, and deception

8: Moving Towards Global Government
The United Nations, the European Union and other global organizations

8.1: The United Nations
The founding of the U.N. and the push for a Socialist world government
8.2: The European Union
European cooperation after WW2 and the formation of the European Union
8.3: The Bilderberg Group
The origins and influence of the premier international policy planning group
8.4: The Seven Sisters
OPEC, the Seven Sisters, and control of the petroleum industry
8.5: The Club of Rome and Population Reduction
The Club of Rome, the Limits to Growth, and the AIDS epidemic
8.6: International Trade Agreements
The globalisation of the economy via GATT, NAFTA and the WTO

9: Consolidating Government Power
The Trilateral Commission, the Federal government, and the rise of the police state

9.1: The Trilateral Commission
The Trilateral Commission, the CFR, and control of the White House
9.2: Centralization of Government Power
Federal districts, Executive orders, replacing the U.S. Constitution
9.3: The Rise of the Police State
Social instability, military police, gun confiscation, and detention camps

[Steve Gardner]

The Origins of Freemasonry

Freemasons, or Masons, are members of a secret fraternal order known as the Ancient Free and Accepted Masons, whose goals are, supposedly, to promote brotherhood. One of the major sourcebooks of Masonic doctrine is Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Masonry, written in 1871 by Albert Pike, and considered to be the "Masons guide for daily living." In it, he writes: "Masonry is a search after Light..."

According to early Masonic manuscripts, its origins can be traced back to Adam, who was said to be the first Mason. The apron of Masonry allegedly represents the fig leaves worn by Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. The knowledge received by Adam after eating from the forbidden tree, was carried on by his son Seth, and then Nimrod (who was responsible for the Tower of Babel), the great-grandson of Noah.

Dr. Albert Mackey (33rd Degree), in writing his Encyclopedia of Freemasonry, referred to the "York manuscript, No. 1" that contained information from a parchment dating back to the year 1560, which identified Babylon as the originator of Masonry. He also cited the Cooke Manuscript "The Legend of the Craft", which was written in 1420, and is said to be the second oldest Masonic manuscript, which reveals that Nimrod taught the craft of Masonry to the workers at the Tower of Babel. When God confused their language, these secrets were said to be lost.

When King Solomon was building the Temple, it is taught that Freemasonry was revived. Mackey said that the "Masonic Lodges were initially dedicated to King Solomon, because he was our first Most Excellent Grand Master." However, Martin L. Wagner revealed in An Interpretation of Freemasonry that

"[The] name Solomon is not the Israelitish king. It is the name in form, but different in its meaning. It is a substitute ... a composite, Sol-om-on, the names of the sun in Latin, Indian and Egyptian, and is designed to show the unity of several god-ideas in the ancient religions, as well as with those of Freemasonry."

A story recounted in Masonic tradition, has to do with Hiram Abiff, a Syrian Master Mason, known as the architect of Tyre, who was said to be hired by Solomon to build the Temple. He was killed by three Fellow-Crafts, when he would not reveal the secret Masonic word (so they could get Master's wages in foreign countries), which was engraved on a gold triangle he wore around his neck. Solomon found the triangle, and had it placed in a secret vault under the Temple. Abiff later became a Christ-like figure to the Masons.

Mackey said that "Hiram represent(s) a popular Syrian god against whom the champions of Jehovah (the Jews) strove ceaselessly." Another Mason, Daniel Sickles, correlates him with an Egyptian god, and Pierson's Traditions of Freemasonry said that he actually represented all of the pagan sun gods, as does Mackey's Lexicon of Freemasonry. What this does is to relate the message that it was the sun god who was the builder of the Temple which makes this Temple symbolic and not to be confused with the Jewish Temple. Pike said in his Morals and Dogma, that the "Temple of Solomon presented a symbolic image of the Universe; and resembled, in its arrangements and furniture, all the temples of the ancient nations that practiced the mysteries."

In ancient Greece, there were organized groups or guilds (like our unions) such as the 'Dionysiacs', and in Rome the 'Collegium Muriorum', who built the temples and stadiums. These groups who were the forerunners of the Masons were the draftsmen, builders, carpenters, and craftsmen who erected the huge cathedrals, castles, abbeys and churches during the Middle Ages. Because they 'lodged' or lived together during the construction this is where the term 'masonic lodge' was originated.

The First Grand Lodge of England met at York in 926, where they adopted handsigns and passwords to identify themselves. Their workplace, or Lodges, was where their initiations, rites, rituals and ceremonies took place. Within their inner circles, witchcraft was [allegedly] practiced.

In the 13th century, they formed an association, headquartered at Cologne, with Lodges at Strasbourg, Vienna, and Zurich. They called themselves Free Masons, and had ceremonies for initiation. Near the end of the 16th century, people who weren't builders were admitted into the fraternity, and were called 'Accepted' Masons. They were usually distinguished members of the community, or in short, a source of funding. [As the lodges became] more symbolic, the working masons and builders eventually quit, as did the Accepted Masons, who had become disappointed at what the organization really was.

The Growth of the Masonic Movement

Inigo Jones (1573-1652) reorganized the Lodges, introducing the Descartes rationalism, and they were now known as the Free and Accepted Masons. Elias Ashmole, a banker, Rosicrucian, and founder of the Oxford Museum, who became a Mason in 1648, established the three basic degrees: Entered Apprentice, Fellow-Craft and Master Mason.

On June 24, 1717, the four lodges in London were united into a Grand Lodge (sometimes called the Grand Mother Lodge) by three members who met at the Apple Tree Tavern, thus beginning the era of modern Freemasonry. Rather than being a guild of stone masons and builders, they altered their philosophy and became a pseudo-religion who "tried to cooperate with the Church so as to be able to work from the inside, rationalize the doctrine of Jesus and empty it gradually of its mystical content. Freemasonry hoped to become a friendly and legal heir to Christianity. They considered logic and the rules of scientific thinking as being the only absolute and permanent element of the human mind." By 1725, the movement had spread to France.

The members of the Grand Lodge of England brought their fraternity to America. In 1730, Daniel Core was appointed Provincial Grand Master of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, after the first lodge was established in Philadelphia. A lodge was established in Boston in 1733. By the time of the American Revolution, there were 100 Masonic lodges. The Masons were firmly entrenched in the eastern colonies, but since 95% of the population identified themselves as Christians, they had to modify their philosophies to include Christian teachings. The Grand Lodge of the United States was established in 1777, which officially cut all ties to their British counterparts.

One writer summed up Masonry this way:

"Freemasonry has incorporated bits of other systems in its initiations and higher degrees, such as mystery schools, Mithraism, the Egyptian priesthood, the system of the Pythagoreans, Essenes, Cabalists, Druids, the Orders of the Knighthood, Rosicrucians, Arabic secret societies, and the Knights Templar."

Masonry slowly spread throughout the world: France (1718-25), Ireland (1725-26), Spain (1726-27), Holland (1731), Germany (1730-33), Africa (1735), Scotland (1736), Portugal (1736), Switzerland (1737), Italy (1733-37), Russia (1731-40), Canada (1745), Sweden (1735-48), Prussia (1738-40), Austria (1742), Poland (1784), and Mexico (1825).

Freemasonry in America

Originally against the Masonic Order, Benjamin Franklin became a Mason in 1731, at the age of 25. He became the Provincial Grand Master of Pennsylvania in 1734, and was the "appointed spokesman" of the secret societies. As ambassador to France, he was honored there at a major Masonic lodge. It is believed that while he was on a diplomatic trip to Paris to seek financing for the Revolution, he was initiated as a member of the Illuminati.

George Washington joined the Fredericksburg Lodge #4 in Virginia, in 1752, and when he was elected President in 1789, he was the Grand Master of the Lodge (the highest official). He took his Oath of Office on a Masonic Bible, as did his Vice-President, John Adams, who was also a Mason. This Masonic Bible from the altar of St. Johns Lodge No. 1 in New York City, which was printed in London in 1767, was later used for other Oaths administered to Harding, Eisenhower, Carter, Reagan, and Bush. This Masonic Bible has an introductory section that explains that Masonry is not a Christian fraternity, but in fact supports all religions.

Eight of the signers of the Declaration of Independence were also members of the Fredericksburg Lodge. Actually, 51 of the 56 signers were believed to be Masons; however, only 8 were known to be members, while another 24 were suspected of being members. It is also believed that 8 to 10 signers of the Articles of Confederation were Masons. There were 9 Masons that signed the Constitution, while 6 others later became members. Other sources have used the figure of 13, while some have said there were as many as 28 members who signed the Constitution.

Because of the disagreement between various books and on-line sources, representing Masonic and non-Masonic sources, it's easy to see how erroneous information becomes perpetuated as fact and truth. If the Masons can't even nail down the specifics of their own history, then the only thing we can hope to do, is to produce as accurate of a picture as possible, based on the [available] facts. Among the ranks of the Masons were:

Patrick Henry (not all Masonic researchers agree on this)
John Hancock
Paul Revere
John Paul Jones
Alexander Hamilton
Benedict Arnold
John Marshall
Samuel Adams
Anthony Wayne
Francis Marion ('The Swamp Fox')
Ethan Allen

In the military, 24 of Washington's Major Generals, and 30 of his 33 Brigadier Generals were Masons (another fact that Masonic researchers do not agree on).

It was actually the Masons who instigated and carried out the American Revolution. The secrecy of the Masonic lodges allowed the Colonial patriots to meet and discuss strategy. It was commonly believed that the reason for the Revolution was "taxation without representation," when actually it was because the Parliament in the 1760's passed a law that no colony could issue its own money. The colonies had to issue bonds, and sell them to the Bank [of England], who would then loan them money. This forced the colonies to pay interest on their money.

The Revolution was ignited by the Boston Tea Party, which was planned during a dinner at the Bradlee home. The participants were from the St. Andrew Lodge in Boston, who dressed up as Mohawk Indians, and went aboard the Dartmouth, which was anchored in the harbor, and dumped its load of tea overboard. The British government responded by closing the port, and sending in British troops. Empress Catherine the Great of Russia, who wasn't controlled by the International Bankers, refused to send in 20,000 Russian troops against the colonists, when asked by King George III of England. The attack unified the colonies against England.

The York Rite and the Scottish Rite

The Supreme Council of Scottish Rite Freemasonry was established in Charleston, South Carolina in 1801, because that area was geographically located on the 33rd parallel. They are an extension of French Freemasonry, and considered liberal. In 1755, the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry had expanded to 32 degrees, and then they added a 33rd degree. In 1813, the Northern Supreme Council was established, consisting of 15 states, and was headquartered in Boston. They were an extension of English Freemasonry, and are considered conservative. The Supreme Council, which represented the Southern jurisdiction, relocated to Washington, D.C., and covers the remaining 35 states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. protectorates. It is considered the Mother Supreme Council of the World.

Masonry was not always as it appears today. Many early Christian patriots during the foundational period of American history were part of the predominate "York Rite", which promoted values, ethics, and brotherhood among its members. It has been reported that true Freemasonry Lodges were established in the cellars of Episcopalian and Presbyterian Churches. It was the Illuminati infiltration of the American Fraternal Lodges by the Jesuit-spawned "Scottish Rite" that moved through the ranks like a virus to take them over from within.

Among the Presidents who have been Masons:

George Washington
Thomas Jefferson (33rd Degree)
James Madison
James Monroe
Andrew Jackson
James Polk
James Buchanan
Andrew Johnson (32nd Degree and Grand Master)
James Garfield
William McKinley
Theodore Roosevelt
William Taft
Warren Harding (32nd Degree)
Franklin Roosevelt (32nd Degree)
Harry Truman (33rd Degree and Grand Master)
Dwight Eisenhower
John Kennedy
Lyndon Johnson (1st Degree)
Richard Nixon
Gerald Ford (33rd Degree)
Jimmy Carter
Ronald Reagan (33rd Degree)
George H.W. Bush

Many State Governors, U.S. Senators and Congressmen are Masons. The Masonic Bible says that "for well over 150 years, the destiny of this country has been determined largely by men who were members of the Masonic fraternity."

There are about 16,000 Blue or Symbolic Lodges, with a Grand Lodge in every state, which represent more than four million members. There are 150 Grand Lodges in the world, and a world-wide membership of over 6,000,000. Members must be 21 years old; however, sons of members can be initiated at 18. Before consideration, an initiate must prove themselves to be "mentally and physically competent, of good moral character, and believe in the existence of a Supreme Being." Among their affiliated organizations: The Order of Demolay, The Order of Rainbow for Girls, and The Order of Job's Daughters, which allow children as young as 11 to become indoctrinated in Masonic teaching. The Order of the Eastern Star, Ancient Arabic Order of Nobles of the Mystic Shrine ("Shriners"), and Daughters of the Nile are organizations closely aligned with the Masons.

All Masons go through the first 3 degrees of the "Blue Lodge", and must then decide whether they want to enter either the Scottish or York Rites (Capitular Degrees). Albert Pike explained in Morals and Dogma:

"The Blue Degrees are but the outer court or portico of the Temple. Part of the symbols are displayed there to the Initiate, but he is intentionally misled by false interpretations. It is not intended that he shall understand them; but it is intended that he shall imagine he understands them. Their true explication is reserved for the Adepts, the Princes of Masonry ... It is well enough for the mass of those called Masons, to imagine that all is contained in the Blue Degrees; and whoso attempts to undeceive them will labor in vain."

Degrees of the Scottish Rite (Ancient and Accepted Scotch Rite):

The Blue Lodge (Symbolic Lodge of Masonry)
1) Entered Apprentice
2) Fellow-Craft
3) Master Mason
Lodge of Perfection
4) Secret Master
5) Perfect Master
6) Intimate Secretary
7) Provost and Judge
8) Intendant of the Building
9) Master Elect of Nine
10) Elect of Fifteen
11) Sublime Master Elected (Sublime Knights Elect of the Twelve)
12) Grand Master Architect
13) Master of the Ninth Arch (Knight of the Ninth Arch)
14) Grand Elect Mason
Council of Princes of Jerusalem:
15) Knight of the East (Knight of the Sword)
16) Prince of Jerusalem
Chapter of Rose-Croix:
17) Knight of the East and West
18) Prince of Rose-Croix (Knight of the Eagle)
The Consistory (Council of Kadosh):
19) Grand Pontiff
20) Master Ad Vitam (Grand Master of all Symbolic Lodges)
21) Patriarch Noachite (Prussian Knight)
22) Prince of Libanus (Knight of the Royal Axe)
23) Chief of the Tabernacle
24) Prince of the Tabernacle
25) Knight of the Brazen Serpent
26) Prince of Mercy
27) Commander of the Temple
28) Knight of the Sun (Prince Adept)
29) Knight of St. Andrew
30) Grand Elect Knight of Kadosh
Consistory of Sublime Princes of the Royal Secret:
31) Grand Inspector Inquisitor Commander
32) Sublime Prince of the Royal Secret
Supreme Council:
33) Sovereign Grand Inspector General**

** The Mother Supreme Council of the World in Washington, D.C. awards [the] 33rd Degree. It is the only degree that can't be earned -- it is conferred "because of outstanding service to others which reflects credit upon the Order." All Illuminati members are 33rd Degree Masons.

Degrees of the York Rite (Red Masonry or Craft Masonry):
Mark Master
Past Master
Most Excellent Master
Royal Arch Mason (Holy Royal Arch)
Royal Master
Select Master
Super Excellent Master
Order of the Red Cross
Order of the Knights of Malta
Order of Knights Templar

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[Steve Gardner]

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Bacon's New Atlantis and America's "Secret Destiny"

Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626), an English Lord and son of Elizabeth I, was recognized as the "founder of Free Masonry ... the guiding light of the Rosicrucian Order, the members of which kept the torch of the true universal knowledge, the Secret Doctrine of the Ages, alive during the dark night of the Middle Ages." Fluent in many languages, it has been believed by some that he was one of the editors of the King James Version of the Bible, as well as the true author of the plays attributed to William Shakespeare. He had been initiated by a secret society of intellectuals dedicated to civil and religious freedom. In his book Instauratio Magna, he wrote of a movement to "reorganize the sciences and restore man to the mastery over nature that he was conceived to have lost by the fall of Adam."

Bacon's novel New Atlantis, published in 1627 a year after his death by his secretary William Rawley, represented his vision for a new "Golden Age." It was about a crew of shipwrecked sailors who arrived on the shores a mysterious unknown land whose people had a much higher developed culture and possessed a technology unlike anything they had ever seen. He talked about buildings a half a mile high, flying machines, underwater vehicles, and a government of philosopher-scientists working in behalf of an enlightened group of people who were committed to learning, and a higher level of achievement.

Manly Palmer Hall (1901-1990), founder of the Philosophical Research Society in 1934 and one of the foremost experts in the realm of the metaphysical and the occult, authored over 200 books and in six decades delivered more than 8,000 lectures. In his 1944 book The Secret Destiny of America he revealed that even though the New Atlantis had been completed, the entire version was never published. He wrote:

"The final (unpublished) chapters revealed the entire pattern secret societies had been working on for thousands of years to achieve the ideal commonwealth in the political world."

It included details for nurturing the "New Order of the Ages," how this long range "Great Plan" would restore mankind to the original state that was intended to reflect the inner philosophical tradition of Freemasonry, and proposed timetables.

In The Secret Destiny of America Hall also wrote:

"There exists in the world today, and has existed for thousands of years, a body of enlightened humans united in what might be termed, an Order of the Quest. It is composed of those whose intellectual and spiritual perceptions have revealed to them that civilization has a secret destiny ...

The outcome of this 'secret destiny' is a World Order ruled by a King with supernatural powers. This King was descended of a divine race, that is, he belonged to the 'Order of the Illumined' for those who come to a state of wisdom then belong to a family of heroes -- perfected human beings.

Secrets of the Bruton Vault

The full-length version [of New Atlantis] which included the missing chapters was taken to Jamestown in 1635 by his descendant Nathaniel Bacon, where it was buried under the altar of the old brick church. In 1676, it was moved to Williamsburg, Virginia, where it was buried "in a great vault beneath the tower center of the first brick church in Bruton Parish." The current church, known as the Bruton Parish Church (which was declared a National Historic Landmark), was built in 1715, and within the grounds of its graveyard (the site of the original church) is where the Bruton Vault is located.

It is believed by many serious researchers that Sir Francis Bacon faked his death (actually dying in 1684), and constructed the vault with the help of his Wild Goose Club. It is a 10 ft. by 10 ft. brick vault, possibly part of an underground Freemasonry Lodge that is buried 20 ft. deep, and marked by certain strategically placed encoded memorials in the cemetery above. [Perhaps] the reason for the Rockefellers making such an investment to restore the town of Colonial Williamsburg was the prospect of locating the fabled vault, which had three tunnels leading to it from homes in the area. Fortunately, ownership of the grounds remains in the hands of the Page and Bray families.

Deposited along with the unabridged copy of the New Atlantis were other secret documents, including ancient writings that had been in the possession of certain secret societies. One such artifact was the "Book of Thoth", which had been retrieved from a golden box out of an inner sanctuary in an ancient Egyptian temple. Known as the 'Sacred Torch', the most important document ever given to Man, it is believed that anyone who is able to decipher it will have their consciousness enhanced to the point that they will be able to see the invisible Immortals and enter the presence of the Superior Gods. Manly Hall wrote in his book, The Secret Teachings of All Ages that the Book "was lost to the Ancient World with the decay of the Mysteries, but its faithful initiates carried it sealed to another land. The book is still in existence..."

The vault also contains instructions, maps, and documents that lead to 144 sacred burial sites of certain forefathers, patriots and early leaders in our country that in turn contain original writings, diaries and documentation that will prove how history has been rewritten today to reflect the biased political views of certain leaders in this country. Hall wrote in The Secret Destiny of America:

"Not only were the founders of the United States Government Masons, but they received aid from a secret and august body existing in Europe, which helped them to establish this country for a peculiar and particular purpose known only to the initiated few."

It is believed that the vault also contains a quantity of gold, an original edition of the supposed Bacon-edited King James Bible, inventions that were ahead of its time, and a device that will enable their codes to be deciphered. There is some evidence to indicate that handwritten copies of certain documents were made during the administration of President Washington and hidden at a remote location in Virginia.

According to Colin Dyer in his book Symbolism in Craft Masonry, in 1804 Thomas Jefferson (3rd President) was the last person to examine the contents of this vault. It was believed that the contents were removed and placed in a secret location either at the University of Virginia (founded by Jefferson), or the capitol building in Washington, D.C. However, Manly Hall became a leading proponent for the Bruton Vault as being the location of this sacred repository. His quest to protect it from falling into the wrong hands cost him his life, because he was strangled to death by two members of the Skull and Bones Society: Morgan Brandt and Daniel Fritz. Luckily all of his research notes, documents, maps, books, photos, and artifacts relating to 50 years of work on the vault had already been sent to a secret location in Russia. In The Secret Destiny of America Hall wrote:

"America's true destiny will remain a secret as long as great masses of people have no knowledge whatsoever that enlightened humanitarians through thousands of years have in their own and succeeding generations remained united on the high purpose of eventually instituting democratic rule throughout the world.

It is necessary to know, too, that it was anciently planned that leadership would fall to America... to a nation established on the Northern continent of the Western Hemisphere ... Long before Columbus, they were aware of the existence of the Western hemisphere, and selected it to be the site of the philosophic empire. The American continent was set apart for establishing here a great democratic nation, centuries before the founding fathers and colonists envisioned the Union..."

When President Theodore Roosevelt visited the site, and learned of its significance, he vowed to protect it, and out of appreciation, he was honored by having his image placed on Mount Rushmore. David Rockefeller and Queen Elizabeth have shown a particular interest in the vault's contents.

The contents of the Bruton Vault are priceless, and considered so important that it is referred to as the 'Seventh Seal.' A group known as Sir Francis Bacon's Sages of the Seventh Seal have been the driving force behind the movement to uncover the vault. Though there were unsuccessful attempts in 1938 (which did discover the original church foundations) and 1992, they now believe that a spiral staircase exists beneath the pyramid-shaped monument that marks the centuries-old graves of David and Elizabeth Bray, and leads to the vault, which they refer to as a "Freemasonry library." Armed with new evidence from their continued research, the group has lobbied the Rev. Herman Hollerith IV, rector of the Episcopal Church, to authorize a new, controlled, archeological dig, to raise the vault, so that its contents can be studied, and protected from forces hostile to the information it contains.

Examining Masonic Tradition

Any organization which strives to adhere to such a high moral standard certainly should deserve our admiration and respect. However, why have they elicited the criticism that they have? The Vatican has issued many Edicts condemning Masonry:

Pope Clement XII in 1738
Pope Benedict XIV in 1751
Pope Pius VII in 1821
Pope Leo XII in 1825
Pope Pius VIII in 1829
Pope Gregory XVI in 1832
Pope Pius IX in 1846 and 1873
Pope Leo XIII in 1884 and 1892

Pope Leo XIII said that the goal of the Masons was the "overthrow of the whole religious, political and social order based on Christian institutions and the establishment of a state of things based on pure naturalism." Until 1974, the Roman Catholic Church had forbidden its members to be Masons, and on March 21, 1981, the Vatican warned that "all Roman Catholics who belong to Masonic lodges risk excommunication."

In 1784 and again in 1845 the Bavarian government considered Masonry a danger to the state. In 1814, The Regency of Milan and Governor of Venice echoed these same sentiments. King John VI of Portugal issued orders in 1816 and again in 1824 prohibiting the operation of the fraternity. In Russia, in 1820, Czar Alexander I banished the Order.

Many writers in the late 1800's, such as Archbishop Meurin and Dr. Bataille, said that Masonry was just a cover organization for Satan worship which occurred within its higher degrees and was unknown to the ordinary member. In 1921, Dr. James Anderson wrote a booklet on Freemasonry called The Anderson Constitution in which he wrote:

"Freemasonry rapidly expanded in Europe. In France, a number of the Masonic sects dabbled with magic and occultism. In Germany some were called Order of the Gold, and Rosy Cross (or Rosicrucians). In England during the 1880's the famous magical society, the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, adopted most of the Masonic grades."

Many Druid ceremonies and witchcraft rites have been incorporated into Masonic rituals.

Their literature claims that "Freemasonry is not a religion even though it is a religion in character ... does not pretend to take the place of religion nor serve as a substitute for the religious beliefs of its members ... (and) accepts men, found to be worthy, regardless of religious convictions." They claim that they exist "to make good men better through its firm belief in the Fatherhood of God, the Brotherhood of Man (and) consists of men bound together by bonds of Brotherly Love and Affection."

So, are the Masons a Christian organization? The answer is a resounding No! Their literature claims that Jesus was just a man, equal to Mohammed and Krishna, the Hindu god. He is called the "son of Joseph," not the Son of God. Initiates are told that Masonic rituals are "based on the Bible," however in Chase's Digest of Masonic Law it says that "Masonry has nothing whatever to do with the Bible ... it is not founded upon the Bible, for if it were it would not be Masonry, it would be something else." Chase said that the Bible is just one of the 'holy books' of man, equal to the Koran, Hindu Scriptures and others. Its literal meaning was meant only for the ignorant masses.

At the end of the initiation for the Royal Arch degree, the initiate has the lost name of 'God' whispered to him, which is 'Jebulon.' Mackey in his Encyclopedia of Freemasonry said that "Freemasonry is not Christianity" and indicates that this name actually represents a composite of the names of the sun god of three religions: 'Jah,' the Syrian form of Jehovah; 'Bel,' which is Baal; and 'On,' the Egyptian sun god. J. D. Buck (32nd degree) wrote in Mystic Masonry (1925): "The only personal God Freemasonry accepts is humanity in toto ... Humanity therefore is the only personal God that there is." Their Masonic philosophy is that God is whatever you want him to be and is referred to in general terms as the 'deity' and the 'Great Architect of the Universe', but in higher degrees he is identified as a force of nature, usually the sun.

Mackey in his Masonic Rituals said that the elimination of the name of Jesus and references to Him in Bible verses used in rituals are "slight but necessary modifications." Mackey also wrote in his Lexicon of Freemasonry:

"The religion then of Masonry is pure theism on which its different members engraft their particular opinions, but they are not permitted to introduce them into the lodge or to connect their truth or falsehood with the truth of Masonry ... A Christian Mason is not permitted to introduce his own peculiar opinions with regard to Christ's mediatorial office into the Lodge."

No Masonic prayers in monitors, handbooks and guides, end in Jesus' name, and if it is discovered that they do, the Grand Lodge of that state will revoke their charter. Edmond Ronayne (a Master Mason), wrote on page 74 of the Masonic Handbook (later revised to eliminate the passage):

"When a brother reveals any of our great secrets ... or whenever a minister prays in the name of Christ in any of our assemblies, you must always hold yourself in readiness, if called upon, to cut his throat from ear to ear, pull out his tongue by the roots, and bury his body at the bottom of some lake or pond."

According to Morris in The Freemason's Monitor (or Webb's Monitor), which omits any reference to the name of Jesus: "Prayer ... should be of a general character, containing nothing offensive to any class of conscientious brethren."

Dr. Norman Vincent Peale (1898-1993), author of The Power of Positive Thinking, was a 33rd degree Mason and his name appeared in many Masonic publications. In March, 1991, he was featured in the cover story of The Scottish Rite Journal (formerly known as the New Age magazine), and is quoted as saying that "Masonry became an early and essential part of my success." On Sunday, February 24, 1991, Peale had told the congregation of Robert Schuller's Crystal Cathedral in California: "Jesus Christ, Buddha and Krishna are examples of great philosophers who taught how to use mind power." In May, 1991 at a Dallas, Texas seminar for Christian writers, Dina Donahue, a contributing editor for Guidepost magazine (which Peale founded), said that any submission to the publication can never refer to the deity of Jesus and claim that He is the only means by which salvation can be achieved. He can only be presented in a historical context as a prophet and philosopher. She said that the reason for this was that "Guidepost is an interfaith magazine, and Dr. Peale does not want to offend those who are not Christians."

In Les Sectes et Societies Secretes published in 1863, Le Couteulx de Canteleu wrote that the goal of the Masonic Order "was, is and will always be the struggle against the Church and the Christian religion..." Joseph Fort Newton wrote in The Builders:

"Masonry ... is Religion, a worship in which all good men may unite, that each may share the faith of all ... Where else, except in a Masonic lodge, could men of many religions meet, each praying for all and all for one."

Mackey wrote in his Textbook of Masonic Jurisprudence, that Masonry is "undoubtedly a religious institution"; and also in his Manual of the Lodge, he emphatically states that "Masonry is a religious institution." Buck wrote in Mystic Masonry that Masonry is "a world wide religion ... Masonry is the universal religion only because and so long as it embraces all religions."

High level Masons believe that Lucifer never fell to earth and that Lucifer is really God, and refer to Jehovah by the name of 'Adonay,' saying that he is the god of evil because he forces men to be subservient to his repressive dictates. Masonic books given to handpicked members of the 32nd and 33rd Degrees say that Jesus was an impostor and that Lucifer is the true God. The Masons have their own Luciferian based calendar. Where ours is based on the years before (B.C.) and after (A.D.) the birth of Christ, theirs counts its years with the suffix A.L. meaning 'Anno Lucis' or 'Year of Light' (Lucifer). In Morals and Dogma, Pike wrote:

"Every Masonic lodge is a temple of religion; and its teachings are instruction in religion ... Masonry, like all religions, all the Mysteries, Hermeticism and Alchemy, conceals its secrets from all except the Adepts and Sages, or the Elect, and uses false explanations and misinterpretations of its symbols to mislead ... to conceal the Truth, which it calls Light, from them, and to draw them away from it ... The truth must be kept secret, and the masses need a teaching proportioned to their imperfect reason."

"...every man's conception of God must be proportioned to his mental cultivation, and intellectual powers, and moral excellence. God is, as man conceives him, the reflected image of man himself."

The next statement reduces the Masonic philosophy to a single premise. Pike writes:

"The true name of Satan, the Kabalists say, is that of Yahweh reversed; for Satan is not a black god ... Lucifer, the Light Bearer! Strange and mysterious name to give to the Spirit of Darkness! Lucifer, the Son of the Morning! Is it he who bears the Light ... Doubt it not!"

These various passages should settle any arguments concerning the anti-Christian nature of the Masons. Their role in history seemed to be to act as a diluting factor, to lessen the impact of Christianity through tolerance, and to politically work towards the goals established by the Illuminati.

Captain Morgan and the Anti-Masonic Party

In 1826, Captain William Morgan, a journalist and stonemason from Batavia, New York who was a high degree mason in a local Masonic lodge, wrote an exposé of the Masonic Order in a book called Illustrations of Masonry which revealed many of their secrets concerning the first three degrees. Shortly afterward, he was arrested and charged with stealing and indebtedness, and put in jail. The Illuminati tried him in absentia, convicted him of treason, and ordered five men led by Richard Howard, an English Illuminist, to execute him. When he was released from jail he was warned about the plot and he attempted to flee to Canada. Howard caught him at the border and took him to Fort Niagara where he was held for a couple of days. The Freemasons that accompanied Howard carried him off in a boat and drowned him in the Niagara River.

This event was verified by the sworn statement of Avery Allen (said to be on file at the New York City Archives) who heard Howard give a report of the incident at a meeting of the Knights Templar at St. John's Hall in New York City. One of the three men who carried out the assassination confessed on his deathbed in 1848.

Masonic leaders refused to cooperate with the lengthy investigation, which didn't get anywhere since many of the police officers were Masons. The general consensus was that Morgan accidentally drowned himself in Lake Ontario. However, the press, religious leaders, temperance and anti-slavery groups united to condemn the apparent murder. The murder caused over half of the Masons in the northeastern United States to break off their alignment with the Illuminati. The incident led to the creation of the country's first third party movement, the Anti-Masonic Party (1826-33) in New York. They wanted to stop the aristocratic conspiracy and prevent all members of Masonic organizations from public service. Anti-Masonic candidates were elected to the New York Assembly in 1827.

A State Convention in Massachusetts in 1828 saw the establishment of a committee "to inquire how far Freemasonry and French Illuminism are connected." The Committee reported at a meeting at Faneuil Hall in Boston (December 30, 31, and January 1, 1829) and passed the following resolution: "Resolved, on the report of the Committee appointed to inquire how far Freemasonry and French Illuminism are connected, that there is evidence of an intimate connection between the high orders of Masonry and French Illuminism."

A National Convention was held in 1830 in Philadelphia and another in Baltimore in 1831 where they nominated William Wirt, former U.S. Attorney General (under Monroe and John Quincy Adams, 1817-1829), as a Presidential candidate. They were represented by 116 Anti-Masonic delegates from 13 states. The movement caught on mainly in New England and the Mid-Atlantic states. Even though they won quite a few Congressional seats in 1832, Wirt only carried the State of Vermont, while Andrew Jackson, a Mason, won big.

The Party was phased out in 1836 because the anti-slavery movement began to overshadow their activities. They merged with the Whig Party (1834-60) in 1838. The Whig Party later assimilated themselves into the Democratic Party, the Liberty Party (1840-48), the Free Soil Party (1848-54), and the Republican Party.

Fifty years after Morgan's disappearance, Thurlow Weed (1797-1882), owner of the Rochester Telegraph and Editor of the influential Albany Evening Journal (from 1830-1863) who helped found the Anti-Masonic Party, published information about Morgan's death. His grave was discovered in 1881 at Pembroke, in Batavia County, New York. In the grave was a piece of paper that had the name John Brown written on it. Brown was said to be one of the people involved in the killing. A statue was erected in memory of Morgan in Batavia in 1882.

[Steve Gardner]

Adam Weishaupt and the Order of the Illuminati (1776)

When you talk about tracing the origin of an organization which is controlling the destiny of the world, it's obvious that you have to start at a period which would allow a movement of this magnitude, time to ferment. Changes like the ones which have, and are occurring do not take place overnight. We are dealing with a group which must have been growing for a long period of time, in order to obtain the power and influence necessary to achieve the global control now being exercised. When you think of it in that context, there is such a group: The Illuminati.

The leader of the Illuminati was a man named Dr. Adam Weishaupt who was born on February 6, 1748, the son of a Jewish rabbi. When his father died in 1753, he was converted to Catholicism by Baron Johann Adam Ickstatt, who turned the early training of the boy over to the Jesuits. Ickstatt, in 1742, had been appointed by the Jesuits to be the curator of the University [of Ingolstadt] in order to reorganize it. He had retired in 1765, but still controlled its policies.

Although Weishaupt later became a priest, he developed a distinct hatred for the Jesuits, and became an atheist. Given access to the private library of Ickstatt, his godfather, the young man became interested in the works of the French philosophers, and studied law, economics, politics, and history. One such philosopher, Voltaire (1694-1778), a revolutionary who held liberal religious views, had written in a letter to King Frederick II ('the Great'), a Mason:

"Lastly, when the whole body of the Church should be sufficiently weakened and infidelity strong enough, the final blow (is) to be dealt by the sword of open, relentless persecution. A reign of terror (is) to be spread over the whole earth, and ... continue while a Christian should be found obstinate enough to adhere to Christianity."

It is believed that Weishaupt got his ideas concerning the destruction of the Church from Voltaire's writings. He studied in France where he met Robespierre (who later led the French Revolution), and became friends with a few people in the French Royal Court. It is alleged that through these contacts he was introduced to Satanism.

He graduated from the University of Ingolstadt, [Bavaria] in 1768. He served four years as a tutor until he was promoted to Assistant Instructor. In 1772, Weishaupt was made Professor of Civil Law. In 1773, he was made Professor of Canon Law, a post which had been held by the Jesuits for 90 years. They had founded most of the Universities, and kept strict control of them in order to eliminate Protestant influence.

In 1770, he was chosen by Meyer Amschel Rothschild to develop an organization that he could use. [Source? --ed]

In 1773, Weishaupt got married, against the wishes of Ickstatt, who denounced him. Two years later, at the age of 27, he was made Dean of the Faculty of Law. The Jesuits, worried about his quick progression, tried to thwart his influence by secretly plotting against him, and his liberal thinking. Not wanting to become a martyr for his free-thinking ideas, he began focusing on establishing his organization. To confuse his detractors, he based the organizational structure on the one used by the Jesuits, however, his intention was to have a secret coalition of liberalism.

He studied the anti-Christian doctrines of the Manicheans, whose teachings revolved around astrology, medicine, and magic. He had been indoctrinated into Egyptian occult practices by an unknown merchant named Kolmer, from Jutland (the area around the border of Denmark and West Germany), who had been traveling around Europe since 1771. He studied the power of the Eleusinian mysteries and the influence exerted by the secret cult of the Pythagoreans. Pythagoras was a 6th century B.C. philosopher who taught that men and women should combine their belongings, which became the basic philosophy behind Communism. Weishaupt also studied the teachings of the Essenes, and acquired copies of the Kabala, The Major Key of Solomon, and The Lesser Key of Solomon, which revealed how to conjure up demons and perform occult rituals.

He studied the various Masonic writings after meeting a Protestant Freemason from Hanover. At first he thought about creating a superior Masonic-like organization that would be made up of men possessing superior abilities in all fields but concluded that Masonry was too open.

[...snip...]

Weishaupt spent five years working out a plan through which all of his ideas could be reduced to a single system which would be used to fight the oppression of religion, thereby loosening social ties. He wanted to replace Christianity with a religion of reason. An initial idea was to form an organization comprised of 'Schools of Wisdom,' whose goal was to "make of the human race, one good and happy family." They were to strive for the perfection of morals, so he thought about naming the group the 'Perfectibilists,' but it lacked the air of mystery and intrigue that he sought.

In 1774, he published a fictitious article called Sidonii Apollinarus Fragment, which he said was to prepare the people for the doctrine of reason. Weishaupt wrote:

"Princes and nations will disappear without violence from the earth. The human race will then become one family, and the world will be the dwelling of rational men."
He wrote of their aims: "To make the perfecting of reasoning powers interesting to mankind, to spread the knowledge of sentiments, both humane and social, to check wicked inclinations, to stand up for suffering and oppressed virtue ... to facilitate the acquirement of knowledge and science."

On May 1, 1776, under the direction of the newly formed House of Rothschild ([along with] Wessely, Moses, Mendelssohn, and the bankers Itzig, Friedlander, and Meyer) who instigated the American Revolution to weaken Great Britain, Weishaupt founded the "Ancient Illuminated Seers of Bavaria" which became known as the "Order of the Illuminati". Weishaupt said that the name was derived from Luciferian teachings, and means, 'Holders of the Light.' In Latin, it means, the 'enlightened ones.' In layman's terms, it means 'to illuminate,' or 'to give light.' It refers to someone who is enlightened, spiritually and intellectually. Satan, when he was an angel, was known as Lucifer, the 'Bearer of Light,' and being that the group's name evolved from this, we can see the underlying nature of its goals. In addition, May 1st [became] a great day for all communist nations, where it was known as May Day, and it is also known as a special day to witches.

Other "Illuminist" Groups

There were some earlier groups, with similar names, such as a group known as the 'Illuminated Ones' which was founded by Joachim of Floris in the 11th century, who taught a primitive, supposedly Christian doctrine of "poverty and equality."
The Rosheniah, or 'Illuminated Ones,' ... was a group in Afghanistan during the 16th century, who sought the 'illumination' from the Supreme Being, who wanted a class of perfect men and women. After reaching the fourth degree, 'Enlightened One,' the initiate would receive mystical powers, and when the eighth and final degree was reached, they were told they had achieved perfection. An Afghan scholar said that their purpose was to influence people of importance to establish harmony in the world, and were devoted to fight the tyranny of the Moguls, who were the rulers of India. The group survived until the 1700's.

The Alumbrados ('enlightened' or 'illuminated') was a mysterious movement in Spain during the 16th and 17th centuries that believed that when a person achieved a certain degree of perfection, they experienced a vision of God, and then entered into direct communication with the Holy Spirit. At this point the soul would enter a state of limbo -- not advancing or going back. Once this level was achieved, a person didn't have to perform any good works or get involved in any religious activity, because they had received the 'light.' Once they had received the 'light,' they would possess superior human intelligence.

Their members mainly came from reformed Franciscans, and the Jesuits. Their unusual claims caused them to be criticized and harassed, and the Inquisition issued Edicts against them in 1568, 1574, and 1623. Ignatius de Loyola, founder of the Jesuits, was put in jail for being a member. This condemnation forced the movement into France, where in 1654 they surfaced as the Illuminated Guerinets.

The 'Illuminati' was the name of an occultic German sect that existed in the 15th century that professed to possess the 'light' received from Satan. It was also the name of an organization that was influenced by the writings of Emanuel Swedenborg, which was established in 1760 at Avignon. This Swedenborgian philosophy also produced the Illuminated Theosophists in 1766 at Paris, then later in London, but was short lived.

Although it would certainly make for a more interesting story, there is no documentation to suggest that Weishaupt's Order of the Illuminati is a continuation of any of these groups. However, whether their teachings and philosophy had an influence on him is another question. Most assuredly, there is a spiritual lineage that ties them all together.

Organization of the Order

Starting with only five members (Weishaupt and his inner circle...), the Illuminati wasn't fully operational until 1778. Weishaupt wrote:

"The great strength of our Order lies in its concealment, let it never appear, in any place in its own name, but always covered by another name, and another occupation. None is fitter than the three lower degrees of Freemasonry; the public is accustomed to it, expects little from it, and therefore takes little notice of it... For the Order wishes to be secret, and to work in silence, for thus it is better secured from the oppression of the ruling powers, and because this secrecy gives a greater zest to the whole."

"How can the weak obtain protection? Only by union, but this is rare. Nothing can bring this about but hidden societies. Hidden schools of wisdom are the means which we will one day free men from their bonds..."

The Order was made up of three degrees: Novice, Minerval, and Illuminated Minerval. It was organized in a manner similar to Freemasonry and the Jesuits. Even though he admired the structure of the Jesuit hierarchy, he wrote that no ex-Jesuits were to be admitted, except by special permission. He wrote that they "must be avoided as the plague." Their rites and ceremonies were similar to that of the Masons. Their aim, he said, was to have a one-world government, to allow the elite to govern the world, thus preventing future wars. One of their early programs was to distribute anti-religious material to criticize clerical leaders, who they saw as obstacles to social progress, and to oppose the "enemies of the human race and of society."

All members were required to adopt classical names. Weishaupt was called 'Spartacus' (who had been the leader of the slave insurrection in ancient Rome). His right-hand man, Xavier von Zwack, a lawyer to Prince von Salm, was known as 'Cato'; Nicolai, the bookseller, was 'Lucian'; Professor Westenreider was 'Pythagoras'; Canon Hertel was 'Marius'; Marquis di Constanza was 'Diomedes'; Massenhausen was 'Ajar'; Baron von Schroeckenstein was 'Mohomed'; and Baron von Mengenhofen was 'Sylla.'

Their headquarters was in Munich, Germany, and known as the Grand Lodge of the Illuminati (or Lodge of the Grand Orient) code-named 'Athens'. Among their other four lodges: Ingolstadt was known as 'Ephesus', Heidelberg as 'Utica', Bavaria as 'Achaia', and Frankfurt was known as 'Thebes'.

The calendar was reconstructed, and the months known by names reminiscent of the Hebrew language: January was known as 'Dimeh,' and February as 'Benmeh,' etc. They dated their letters according to the Persian Era, named after the king who began to rule in Persia in 632 B.C., Jezdegerd. Their new year began on March 21st, which some sources say is New Years Day for witches.

In 1777, Weishaupt joined the Eclectic Masonic lodge 'Theodore of Good Counsel' in Munich, and towards the end of 1778, he came up with the idea of merging the Illuminati and the Masons. Xavier von Zwack became a Mason on November 27, 1778, and working with a brother Mason, Abbé Marotti, he divulged the secret of the Order. By the middle of 1779, the Munich Masonic lodge was under the complete influence of the Illuminati.

During the first four years, about 60 active members had been recruited by a committee known as the 'Insinuators', and close to 1,000 had become indirectly affiliated with the Order. Soon, three more lodges were established.

Few knew the supreme direction of the Order. Only those within the inner circle, known as the 'Areopagite' (meaning 'Tribunal'), were aware of their true purpose. To all others, Weishaupt said that he wanted a one-world government to prevent all future wars. The book World Revolution (by Nesta Webster) stated:

"The art of Illuminism lay in enlisting dupes as well as adepts, and by encouraging the dreams of honest visionaries or the schemes of fanatics, by flattering the vanity of ambitious egotists, by working on unbalanced brains, or by playing on such passions as greed and power, to make men of totally divergent aims serve the secret purpose of the sect."

Foolish, naive people, with money to burn, were especially welcomed. Weishaupt wrote:

"These good people swell our numbers and fill our money box; set yourselves to work; these gentlemen must be made to nibble at the bait ... But let us beware of telling them our secrets, this sort of people must always be made to believe that the grade they have reached is the last." Weishaupt explained: "One must speak sometimes in one way, sometimes in another, so that our real purpose should remain impenetrable to our inferiors."

And what was that purpose? It was "nothing less than to win power and riches, to undermine secular or religious government, and to obtain the mastery of the world."

Initiates were told that the Order represented the highest ideals of the Church, that Christ was the first advocator of Illuminism, and his secret mission was to restore to men the original liberty and equality they had lost in the Garden of Eden. Weishaupt said that Christ exhorted his disciples to despise riches in order to prepare the world for the community of goods that would do away with property ownership. Weishaupt wrote to Zwack:

"The most admirable thing of all is that great Protestant and reformed theologians (Lutherans and Calvinists) who belong to our Order really believe they see in it the true and genuine mind of the Christian religion."

However, when one of Weishaupt's followers would reach the higher degrees, their secret was revealed:

"Behold our secret ... in order to destroy all Christianity, all religion, we have pretended to have the sole true religion... to deliver one day the human race from all religion."

Women were also enlisted. He wrote:

"There is no way of influencing men so powerful, as by means of women. These should therefore be our chief study; we should insinuate ourselves into their good opinion, give them hints of emancipation from the tyranny of public opinion, and of standing up for themselves..."

He also wrote: "This sex has a large part of the world in their hands." Female members were divided into two groups: one group of society women, to give the organization an air of respectability; and the other group "who would help to satisfy those brothers who have a penchant for pleasure." The Illuminati also used monetary and sex bribery to gain control of men in high places, then blackmailed them with the threat of financial ruin, public exposure, and fear of death.

Internal fighting soon developed because of Weishaupt's thirst for power. Besides that, because only nominal dues were collected, the Order suffered financially.

Baron Knigge (1780)

In 1780, a new member, Baron Franz Friedrich Knigge (1752-1796), was recruited, and given the pseudonym of 'Philo'. Knigge was born on October 16, 1752. He studied law at Gottingen, served in the courts of Hesse-Cassel and Weimar, and was a well-known writer of romance, poetry and philosophy. He joined the Masonic lodge of Strict Observance which was dedicated to the elimination of the occult sciences, which were widely practiced. Unable to do that, they were forced to accept it. Knigge achieved the rank of Brother Commander, and had the title of Knight of the Swan. He assisted in the establishment of a new Masonic lodge at Hanau. Because of his developing exposure and interest in the occult, magic and alchemy, he joined the Rosicrucians, a secret organization that dated back to the fourteenth century.

He later renounced alchemy, and devoted his studies to the development of a form of Masonry that would allow man to regain the perfection they once had before the fall of Adam and Eve. His idea was to reform Masonry, and he was going to make these proposals at the Congress of Wilhelmsbad. However, the Marquis of Constanza (known as "one of the most notorious of the Illuminati") informed him that the Illuminati had already done that. In order to lure him, Weishaupt portrayed the Order as representing the greatest advancement in science, and dedicated to philosophical advancement. Since this fell in line with Knigge's thinking, he was drawn into the Order.

Knigge was definitely a catch, because he had a talent for organization, and soon became the head of the Westphalia Circle. He was instrumental in pushing for a merger between the Masons and the Illuminati. Weishaupt wrote of him:

"Philo is the master from whom to take lessons; give me six men of his stamp and with them I will change the face of the Universe ... Philo does more than we all expected, and he is the man who alone will carry it all through."

Knigge was firmly supported by members of the Areopagite, who felt that Weishaupt's supreme authority should be delegated to others, and they agreed with Knigge's proposed modifications for the organization. They were adopted on July 9, 1781. Knigge was able to recruit the most effective propagandists, and from 1780 on, the growth of the Order was very rapid because its expansion was facilitated through its affiliation with the Masonic lodges. Their goal was now to achieve their aims by splitting mankind into opposing ideologies, and for them to fight among themselves, thus weakening national governments and organized religion.

The Congress of Wilhelmsbad (1781)

An understanding was finally reached between the Masons and the Illuminati, and on December 20, 1781, a combined Order was proposed which would add to the Illuminati organization the first three degrees of Masonry. It wasn't until the Congress of Wilhelmsbad from July 16th to August 29th, 1781 (which was attended by Masons, Martinistes, and representatives from other secret organizations from Europe, America and Asia) that the alliance was official. Those at the meeting were put under oath not to reveal anything. Comte de Virieu, a Mason from the Martiniste lodge at Lyons, upon his return home when questioned about the Congress said:

"I will not confide [the details] to you. I can only tell you that all this is very much more serious than you think. The conspiracy which is being woven is so well thought out, that it will be, so to speak, impossible for the Monarchy and the Church to escape it."

He later denounced the Illuminati, and became a devout Catholic.

Because of a movement begun by Dohm's book Upon the Civil Amelioration of the Condition of the Jews in 1781, and a book by Mirabeau in London, a resolution was passed at the Congress to allow Jews into the Lodges. It was obvious that it was done for financial reasons, because the Illuminati moved their headquarters to Frankfurt, Germany, a stronghold of Jewish finance. As the Order spread throughout Germany, money was contributed from such leading Jewish families as the Oppenheimers, Wertheimers, Schusters, Speyers, Sterns, and of course, the Rothschilds. Gerald B. Winrod wrote in his book Adam Weishaupt: A Human Devil that "of the thirty-nine chief sub-leaders of Weishaupt, seventeen were Jews." [However,] arguments that the Illuminati was solely of Jewish origin are completely unfounded.

After the Congress of Wilhelmsbad, the Illuminati functioned under the following organizational structure:

NURSERY
1) Preparation
2) Novice
3) Minerval
4) Illuminatus
SYMBOLIC (Masonry)
1) Apprentice
2) Fellow-Craft
3) Master
SCOTCH (Masonry)
4) Illuminatus Major (Scotch Novice)
5) Illuminatus Dirigens (Scotch Knight)
THE LESSER MYSTERIES
1) Presbyter (or Priest)
2) Prince (or Regent)
THE GREATER MYSTERIES
3) Magus
4) Rex

Continued -->

[Steve Gardner]

Continued -->

The Growth of the Order (1781-1784)

From Bavaria, the Order of the Illuminati spread into the Upper and Lower Rhenish provinces, Suabia, Franconia, Westphalia, Upper and Lower Saxony; and outside Germany into Austria and Switzerland. Soon they had over 300 members from all walks of life, including students, merchants, doctors, lawyers, judges, professors, civil officers, bankers, and ministers. Some of their more notable members were:

Adam Weishaupt ('Spartacus')
Xavier Zwack ('Cato')
Baron Knigge ('Philo')
Baron Bassus ('Hannibal')
Count Massenhausen ('Ajar')
Marquis of Constanza ('Diomedes')
Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick ('Aaron')
Gabriel Victor Riqueti de Mirabeau ('Leonidas')
Johann Joachim Christoph Bode ('Amelius')
Baron de Busche ('Bayard')
Francios Emile Babeuf ('Gracchus')
Duke of Orleans
Duke Ernst Augustus of Saxe-Weimar-Coburg-Gotha
Prince Charles of Hesse-Cassel
Johann Gottfried von Herder (a philosopher)
Count Klemens von Metternich
Catherine II of Russia
Count Gabriel de Mirabeau
Duke Karl August of Saxe-Weimar
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (a poet)
Joseph II of Russia
Christian VII of Denmark
Gustave III of Sweden
King Poniatowski of Poland

By 1783, there were over 600 members; and by 1784, their membership reached nearly 3,000. By 1786 they had numerous lodges across the various German provinces, Austria, Hungary, England, Scotland, Poland, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, Holland, Spain, Sweden, Russia, Ireland, Africa, and America.

By the time of the 3rd Masonic Congress in Frankfurt in 1786, the Illuminati virtually controlled all the Masonic lodges, and at this meeting their goals were stated as:

1.) Pantheism for the higher degrees; atheism for the lower degrees and the populace

2.) Communism of goods, women, and general concerns

3.) The destruction of the Church and all forms of Christianity, and the removal of all existing human governments to make way for a universal republic in which the utopian ideas of complete liberty from existing social, moral, and religious restraint, absolute equality, and social fraternity, should reign.

Students who were members of wealthy families with international leanings were recommended for special training in internationalism. Those selected by the Illuminati were given scholarships to attend special schools. Weishaupt wrote:

"I propose academies under the direction of the Order. This will secure us the adherence of the Literati. Science shall here be the lure." He also wrote: "We must acquire the direction of education, of church, management of the professorial chair, and of the pulpit."

Today, there are many such schools. Prince Philip, husband of Queen Elizabeth, was educated at an Illuminati school in Gordonstown, Scotland at the insistence of Lord Louis Mountbatten (who became an admiral after the end of World War II, and had an uncle who was a Rothschild relative). Those trained at such schools were placed behind the scenes as experts and advisors to perpetuate Illuminati goals.

To insure that the activities of the Order would remain a secret, a warning as to the consequences of betraying the Order was including in the ceremony of initiation. They would point a sword at the initiate and say:

"If you are a traitor and a perjurer, learn that all our Brothers are called upon to arm themselves against you. Do not hope to escape or find a place of safety. Wherever you are, shame, remorse, and the rage of our Brothers will pursue you, and torment you to the innermost recesses of your entrails."

Weishaupt, worried that his control of the Order was diminishing, argued repeatedly with Knigge. While he preferred to work in secrecy, Knigge wanted to move on to more substantial things. In January, 1783, Knigge wrote in a letter to Zwack:

"It is the Jesuitry of Weishaupt that causes all our divisions, it is the despotism that he exercises over men perhaps less rich than himself in imagination, in ruses, in cunning ... I declare that nothing can put me on the same footing with Spartacus as that on which I was a first." He also wrote: "I abhor treachery and profligacy, and I leave him to blow himself and his Order into the air."

On April 20, 1784 Knigge quit, followed by Baron Bassus ('Hannibal'), Count Torring, Prince Kreitmaier, and others. In July, Knigge signed an agreement promising to return all documents in his possession, and to keep quiet on what he knew about their plans and activities. Some researchers believe that Knigge had also discovered that Weishaupt was a Satanist. He resumed his work as a writer, later becoming an inspector of schools at Bremen, where he died on May 6, 1796.

The Order Exposed and Suppressed (1784-1790)

In October 1783, Joseph Utzschneider, a lawyer who had dropped out of the Order in August, presented to the Duchess Maria Anna a document which detailed the activities of the Illuminati. He was upset because he had been promoted too slowly, and was constantly prodded to prove his loyalty. The Duchess gave the information to the Duke.

On June 22, 1784, Duke Karl Theodore Dalberg, the Elector Palatinate of Bavaria, after discovering from the information that the goals of the Illuminati were to "in time rule the world" by overthrowing all civil government, criticized all secret societies and groups established without government sanction. On March 2, 1785, he issued a proclamation identifying the Illuminati as a branch of the Masons, and ordered that their Lodges be shut down. The government began a war against the Order by initiating judicial inquiries at Ingolstadt. In an attempt to preserve the secrecy of their motives, the Areopagite burned many of their documents; however, the government was able to seize many of their papers when they raided the Lodges.

After being replaced at the University in February, Weishaupt fled across the border into Regensburg, finally settling in Gotha, where he found refuge with another Illuminati member, the Duke of Saxe-Gotha.

In April, 1785, Utzschneider was able to convince three other members to come forward. They were fellow professors at the Marienburg (Marianen) Academy who had doubts about the validity of the organization's principles when they discovered that they would receive no mystical powers. They were also disgruntled over WeishauptA's tyranny. Cossandey, Grunberger, and Renner went before the Court of Inquiry on September 9, 1785, where they supplied valuable information, such as membership lists, and revealed their aims and goals, which they consolidated into the following six points:

Abolition of the Monarchy and all ordered government.
Abolition of private property.
Abolition of inheritance.
Abolition of patriotism.
Abolition of the family, through the abolition of marriage, all morality, and the institution of communal education for children.
Abolition of all religion

.
The purposes of these six points were to divide the people politically, socially, and economically; to weaken countries and create a one-world government. They testified that "all religion, all love of country and loyalty to sovereigns, were to be annihilated..."

The government pardoned all public officials and military leaders who publicly admitted membership. Those who didn't, and were discovered to be members, lost their rank and standing, were removed from office, and openly disgraced and humiliated.

Weishaupt was preparing to set his plans into motion for the French Revolution, which was slated to begin in 1789. In July, 1785, he instructed Zwack to put their plans in book form. This book contained a history of the Illuminati, and many of their ideas for expansion and future endeavors. A copy was sent by courier (identified as Jacob Lanze) to Illuminati members in Paris and Silesia. However, after leaving Frankfurt, as the courier rode through Regensburg (another source says it was Ratisbon) on horseback, he was struck by lightning and killed. The authorities found the document and turned it over to the government. Another source indicates the possibility that he may have been murdered, and the documents planted on him.

Xavier Zwack ('Cato'), a government lawyer and one of the Order's most prominent leaders whose name was on Renner's list, had his house in Landshut illegally searched by the police in October 1785 and his papers seized. He was dismissed from his position. Many books, documents, papers and correspondence were discovered including over 200 letters written between Weishaupt and the members of the Areopagite which dealt with matters of the highest secrecy. The following year more information was taken from the houses of Baron Bassus and Count Massenhausen ('Ajar'). Among the confiscated documents were tables which contained their secret codes and symbols, secret calendar, geographical locations, insignias, ceremonies of initiation, recruiting instructions, statutes, a partial roster of members, and nearly 130 official seals from the government which were used to counterfeit state documents.

Needless to say, all of this information shed more light on the Order and the danger first realized by the government had now become a national emergency. In 1786 the government gathered all of the confiscated documents and published them in a book called Original Writings of the Order and Sect of the Illuminati which was circulated to every government and crowned head in Europe, including France, to warn them of the impending danger.

The leaders of the Order who appeared before the government's Court of Inquiry testified that the organization was dedicated to the overthrow of church and state. However, these revelations and the publication of their documents did little to alert the public because of their unbelievable claims. New measures were taken by government officials. The leaders of the Order were arrested and formally interrogated then forced to renounce the Illuminati. The final blow came on August 16, 1787, when Dalberg issued his final proclamation against the Illuminati. Anyone found guilty of recruiting members were to be executed, while those who were recruited, would have their property confiscated and then be deported.

Zwack, who was banished, sought sanctuary in the Court of Zweibrucken, where he was later appointed to an official position in the principality of Salm-Kyburg. He contributed to the Illuminati movement in Holland. He was later summoned by Dalberg, as the government tried to deal with the problem of fugitives who might attempt to reorganize the Order. Zwack fled to England.

On November 15, 1790, another Edict was announced against the members of the organization. Anyone found to be an active member was to be put to death. The following year a list of 91 names of alleged members was compiled. They were hunted down and banished. This harassment didn't end until 1799 when Dalberg died.

The apparent demise of the Order was taken into stride by its highest members, who continued to operate underground. Weishaupt wrote:

"The great care of the Illuminati after the publication of their secret writings was to persuade the whole of Germany that their Order no longer existed, that their adepts had all renounced, not only their mysteries, but as members of a secret society."

Weishaupt had a contingency plan ready, and wrote:

"By this plan we shall direct all mankind. In this manner, and by the simplest means, we shall set in motion and in flames. The occupations must be allotted and contrived, that we may in secret, influence all political transactions ... I have considered everything and so prepared it, that if the Order should this day go to ruin, I shall in a year re-establish it more brilliant than ever."

To hide their subversive activities, the highest members of the Order began to masquerade as humanitarians and philanthropists. Weishaupt fled to Switzerland, later returning to Germany, where the Duke of Saxe-Gotha gave him sanctuary. The Order moved their headquarters to London, where it began to grow again. Weishaupt told his followers to infiltrate the lodges of Blue Masonry and to form secret circles within them. Only Masons who proved themselves as Internationalists and were atheists were initiated into the Illuminati.

The German Union (1785-1793)

Dr. Charles Frederick Bahrdt (1741-1793), an Illuminati member, Mason, and German theologian who was the professor of Sacred Philogy at the University of Leipzig, took advantage of the Illuminati's apparent demise by recruiting several of its members for his so-called 'German Union' in 1787. Bahrdt, the son of a minister, called his group the "German Union for Rooting Out Superstition and Prejudices and Advancing True Christianity".

In 1785, Bahrdt had received an anonymous letter containing the plans for the German Union which was signed "From some Masons, your great admirers." That same year, he was visited by an Englishman who urged him to establish the Union promising to link it with the British Masonic structure. In 1787, he received another letter containing more details and organizational details.

Bahrdt had done some religious propaganda work for Weishaupt, "to destroy the authority of the Scriptures," and it was commonly believed that it was Weishaupt who was directing the activities of the organization behind the scenes in order to carry on the goals of the Illuminati.

The German Union appeared to be a Reading Society, and one was set up in Zwack's house in Landshut. Weishaupt wrote:

"Next to this, the form of a learned of literary society is best suited to our purpose, and had Freemasonry not existed, this cover would have been employed; and it may be much more than a cover, it may be a power engine in our hands. By establishing reading societies, and subscription libraries, and taking these under our direction, and supplying them through our labors, we may turn the public mind which way we will ... A literary society is the most proper form for the introduction of our Order into any State where we are yet strangers."

The membership initially consisted of 17 young men, and about five of Bahrdt's friends. Knigge helped him to develop the organizational structure, which was divided into six grades:

Adolescent
Man
Elder
Mesopolite
Diocesan
Superior
The 'Society of the 22' or the 'Brotherhood' was its inner circle.

In a pamphlet entitled To All Friends of Reason, Truth and Virtue, Bahrdt wrote that the organization's purpose was to accomplish the enlightenment of people in order to disseminate religion, remove popular prejudices, root out superstition, and restore liberty to mankind. They planned to have magazines and pamphlets, but by 1788, Bahrdt had sunk over $1,000 into the group, and was spending all of his time working on it. Despite his efforts, they still only had 200 members.

Near the end of 1788, Frederick Wilhelm, the King of Prussia, worried about the growth of the organization, had Johann Christian von Wollner, one of his ministers, write an opposing view to Bahrdt's pamphlet, called the Edict of Religion. Bahrdt responded by anonymously writing another pamphlet of the same name to satirize it. In 1789, a bookseller by the name of Goschen wrote a pamphlet called More Notes Than Text, on the German Union of XXII, a New Secret Society for the Good of Mankind in which he revealed that the group was a continuation of the Illuminati.

The German Union, which represented Weishaupt's "corrected system of Illuminism," never really got off the ground because of its openness which provoked hostile attacks from the government and members of the clergy. Bahrdt left the group and opened up a tavern known as "Bahrdt's Repose". The German Union ceased to exist after he died in 1793.

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[Steve Gardner]

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The Illuminati, the Jacobins and the French Revolution (1787-1791)

The Illuminati had secretly spread to France by 1787 (five years after they had planned), through French orator and revolutionary leader Count Gabriel Victor Riqueti de Mirabeau (1749-1791, Order name 'Leonidas') who had been indoctrinated by Col. Jacob Mauvillon while he was in Berlin on a secret mission for King Louis XVI of France in 1786. Mirabeau introduced Illuminati principles at the Paris Masonic Lodge of the Amis Reunis (later renamed 'Philalethes'), and initiated Abbé Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord (1754-1838, a court cleric in the House of Bourbon).

The most trusted members were brought into the 'Secret Committee of United Friends' (it is interesting to note that a group of the same name originated in 1771 as an occult group). The initiations took place at the Illuminati's Grand Lodge, about 30 miles from Paris, in the Ermenonville mansion owned by the Marquis de Gerardin. The famous impostor Saint Germain (1710-1780, or 1785) presided over the initiation ceremonies.

Germain was believed to be a Portuguese Jew, who was a member of the Philalethes Lodge. He was a Mason, a Rosicrucian, and belonged to several other occult brotherhoods. He spoke Italian, German, English, Spanish, French, Greek, Sanskrit, Arabic, and Chinese. He was said to be the son of Prince Rakoczy of Transylvania; raised by the last Medici, Gian Gastone; and was educated at the University of Siena. He told people that he had lived for centuries and knew King Solomon. He was arrested in London in 1743 for being a Jacobite spy and he took credit for establishing Freemasonry in Germany. As an impostor he posed as Comte Bellamarre, Marquis de Montferrat, and Chevalier Schoening.

During the initiation, new members were sworn to:

"...reveal to thy new chief all thou shalt have heard, learned and discovered, and also to seek after and spy into things that might have otherwise escaped thy notice ... (and to) avoid all temptation to betray what thou has now heard. Lightning does not strike so quickly as the dagger which will reach thee wherever thou mayest be."

Count Alessandro de Cagliostro (also known as Giuseppe Balsamo), a Jew from Sicily, who was said to be one of the greatest occult practitioners of all time, was initiated into the Illuminati at Mitau (near Frankfurt) in 1780, in an underground room. He later said that an iron box filled with papers was opened, and a book taken out. From it, a member read the oath of secrecy, which began: "We, Grand Masters of Templars..." It was written in blood. The book was an outline of their plans which included an attack on Rome. He discovered that they had money at their disposal in banks at Amsterdam, Rotterdam, London, Genoa, and Venice. He found out that the Illuminati had 20,000 lodges throughout Europe and America, and that their members served in every European court. Cagliostro was instructed to go to Strasbourg, France, to make the initial contacts necessary for the instigation of the French Revolution. Identified as a Grand Master of the Prieuré de Sion, it is believed that he was the liaison between them and the Illuminati. He was arrested in 1790 in Rome for revolutionary activities.

The French Masons had committed themselves to a plan for overthrowing the government, under the guise of liberty and equality, ending the autocratic regimes in order to have government by and for the people. Jeremy Bentham and William Petty (Earl of Shelburne) planned and directed the French Revolution, then later directed the [Illuminati] plot towards America.

In 1788, at the request of Mirabeau and Talleyrand, Johann Joachim Christoph Bode (1730-1793, 'Amelius'), a lawyer at Weimar and a Mason, was summoned to France. He had been initiated into the Illuminati at the Congress of Wilhelmsbad and later took over the Order in the absence of Weishaupt. Bode and Baron de Busche ('Bayard'), a Dutch military officer in the service of the Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, in order to conceal the purpose of their presence in France said they were there to investigate the influence of the Jesuits on the secret societies. However, the real reason for them being there was to further the goals of the Illuminati in France. They operated out of the Lodge of the Amis Reunis, changing its name to 'Philalethes' which means 'searchers after the truth.'

The Marquis de Luchet, a friend of Mirabeau, wrote in his Essay on the Sect of the Illuminati in January, 1789:

"Deluded people. You must understand that there exists a conspiracy in favor of despotism, and against liberty, of incapacity against talent, of vice against virtue, of ignorance against light! ... Every species of error which afflicts the earth, every half-baked idea, every invention serves to fit the doctrines of the Illuminati ... The aim is universal domination."

Intellectuals known as 'encyclopedists' were instrumental in spreading Illuminati doctrine. Soon other lodges become aligned with the Philalethes, such as the 'Nine Sisters'; the Lodge of Candor, which included members like Laclos, Sillery, d'Aiguillon, the Lameth Brothers, Dr. Guillotine, and Lafayette; and the 'Propaganda', which was established by Condorcet, Abbé Sieyes, and Rochenfoucault.

[Many] revolutionary leaders in France joined the Illuminati who had eventually infiltrated all 266 Masonic lodges by 1789, even though the Masons weren't aware of it.

Maximilien Francois Marie Isidore de Robespierre (1758-1794), who was made head of the Revolution by Weishaupt
Marquis Antoine Nicholas Condorcet (1743-1794), philosopher and politician
Duke de la Rochenfoucault
George Jacques Danton (1759-1794)
Marquis Marie Joseph de Lafayette (1757-1834), General and statesman
Jerome Petion de Villeneuve (1756-1794), politician
Philippe, Duke of Orleans, Grand Master of French Freemasonry
de Leutre
Fauchet
Cammille Benoit Desmoulins (1760-1794)
D´Alembert
Denis Diderot (1713-1784), encyclopedist
Jean-Francois de la Harpe (1739-1803), critic and playwright

The Illuminati created situations in order to create dissention among the people. For instance, the Duke of Orleans instructed his agents to buy up as much grain as they could, then the people were led to believe that the King intentionally caused the shortage and that the French people were starving. Fellow conspirators in the government helped create runaway inflation. Thus the people were manipulated into turning against a king whose reign had strengthened the middle class. The monarchy was to be destroyed and the middle class oppressed. God was to be replaced by the Illuminati's religion of reason that "man's mind would solve man's problems."

During the first two years of the French Revolution, which started in April, 1789, the Illuminati had infiltrated the Masonic Lodges to such an extent that they had ceased operation and instead rallied under the name "The French Revolutionary Club." When they needed a larger meeting place they used the hall of the Jacobin's Convent. This revolutionary group of 1300 people emerged on July 14, 1789 as the Jacobin Club. The Illuminati controlled the Club, and were directly responsible for fermenting the activities which developed into the French Revolution. Lord Acton wrote:

"The appalling thing in the French Revolution is not the tumult but the design. Through all the fire and smoke, we perceived the evidence of calculating organization. The managers remain studiously concealed and masked; but there is no doubt about their presence from the first."

In the playing out of a plan which called for the population to be cut down by one-third to one-half, over 300,000 people died, including the execution of King Louis and his family. This was done to insure the stability of the new French Republic. In August, 1792, after the overthrow of the government, the tri-colored banner was replaced by the red flag of social revolution, while the cry of "Vive notre roi d´Orleans" gave way to the Masonic watchword "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity!" Those who responded with the proper Masonic handsigns had their lives spared. By November 1793 as the massacres had spread all over France the churches had been reorganized along the lines of Weishaupt's contention that "reason should be the only code of man."

Talleyrand, who became the bishop of Autin in 1788, because of his radical reorganization of the Church was excommunicated by the Pope. He became a deputy to the National Assembly. The Jacobins controlled the National Assembly and for all intents and purposes Mirabeau became France's leader. In true Democratic spirit he said:

"We must flatter the people by gratuitous justice, promise them a great diminution in taxes and a more equal division, more extension in fortunes, and less humiliation. These fantasies will fanaticize the people, who will flatten all resistance."

The Revolution was considered at an end on July 28, 1794, when Robespierre was guillotined.

Thomas Jefferson, who served as minister to France for three years (1785-89), described the events as "so beautiful a revolution" and said that he hoped it would sweep the world. Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton said that Jefferson helped start the French Revolution, and wrote in a letter to a friend dated May 26, 1792 that

"[Jefferson] drank freely of the French philosophy, in religion, in science, in politics. He came from France in the moment of fermentation, which he had a share in inciting."

Jefferson wrote to Brissot de Warville in Philadelphia in a letter dated May 8, 1793 that he was "eternally attached to the principles of the French Revolution."

In 1987, during a trip to the United States by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and his wife where they visited the Jefferson Memorial, she referred to Jefferson as "one of the world's greatest thinkers." It is interesting to note that during the Communist revolution (1917) Nikolai Lenin said: "We, the Bolsheviks, are the Jacobins of the twentieth century..."

The Rise and Fall of Napoleon Bonaparte (1795-1814)

An Illuminist and member of the revolutionary French National Assembly, Vicomte de Barras, witnessed a 24 year old Napoleon repelling a siege at Toulon in 1793 by English and Spanish military forces. Barras, appointed by the Assembly as the Commander-in-Chief of the French military, in 1795 became a member of the five-man Directorate which began to govern France and soon became the most powerful political figure in the country. He chose Napoleon to lead the military forces.

However, in 1799, Napoleon (a Knights Templar) broke his ties with Vicomte de Barras because he feared Barras was attempting to restore the Monarchy. Napoleon eliminated the Directorate, and in 1804 with the support of Talleyrand (who served as his foreign minister) became Emperor. Unwittingly, as a puppet of the Illuminati his reign brought about the total disruption of Europe which was needed for the Illuminati to get control and unify it. He ended the Holy Roman Empire, and made his brother Joseph the King of Naples in 1806. Joseph was replaced by Napoleon's brother-in-law Murat when Joseph became the King of Spain in 1808. His brother Louis was made the King of Holland and another brother, Jerome, the King of Westphalia.

In 1810, Napoleon confiscated the contents of the Vatican archives which amounted to 3,000 cases of documents and took [them] to Paris. Although most were later returned to Rome, some were kept. By this time, Napoleon had changed the face of Europe, but he settled his warring ways and ultimately the French Revolution had failed because Europe had not been fully conquered.

The Illuminati immediately took steps to dethrone him, which took five years. In order to get money to Wellington's English forces, Nathan Rothschild funneled money to his brother James (who handled financial transactions for the French government) in Paris, who got it to Wellington's troops in Spain. In addition, the Illuminati secretly worked to make agreements that shifted national alliances against France.

Upon his defeat at Waterloo, Napoleon was again exiled, this time to the island of Saint Helena in the south Atlantic which is where he died in 1821. He had written in his will: "I die before my time, killed by the English oligarchy and its hired assassins."

The Congress of Vienna (1814-15)

In 1802, Europe was made up of several hundred states which were dominated by England, Austria, Russia, Prussia and France, which was the most powerful country. In 1804, when Napoleon Bonaparte took over France, his military exploits had led to the complete control of virtually all of Europe. Even today, France has more land than any other country in western Europe. In 1812, when Napoleon moved against Russia, England, Spain and Portugal were already at war with France. They were later joined by Sweden, Austria, and in 1813, Prussia joined the coalition to end the siege of Europe and to "assure its future peace by the re-establishment of a just equilibrium of the powers." In 1814, the coalition defeated France and in March of that year marched into Paris. France's borders were returned to their original 1792 location, which had been established by the First Peace of Paris, and Napoleon was exiled to Elba, a small island off the Tuscan coast of Italy.

After the Napoleonic Wars, the Illuminati thought the world would be tired of fighting and would accept any solution to have peace. Through the Congress of Vienna (1814-15), the Rothschilds hoped to create a sort of 'League of Nations'.

From September 1814 to June 1815, the four powers of the allied coalition, winners of the Napoleonic Wars, met at the Congress of Vienna along with a large number of rulers and officials representing smaller states. It was the biggest political meeting in European history. Representatives included:

Lord Robert Stewart, the 2nd Viscount Castlereagh of England
Foreign Minister Charles-Maurice Talleyrand de Perigord of France
King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia
Emperor Franz II of Austria
Frederick VI, King of Denmark
King Maximilian Joseph of Bavaria
King Friedrich I of Wurttemburg
Napoleon II, King of Rome
Eugene de Beaurharnais, Viceroy of Italy
King Friedrich August I of Saxony
Count Leowenhielm of Sweden
Cardinal Consalvi of the Papal States
Grand Duke Charles of Baden
Elector William of Hesse
Grand Duke George of Hesse-Darmstadt
Karl August, Duke of Weimar
the King of Bohemia
the King of Hungary
plus emissaries from Spain, Portugal, Holland, and other European States.

The main concern of the Congress was to redistribute conquered territories, create a balance of power, restore the pre-Napoleonic order through King Louis XVIII, return the power to families who were ruling in 1789, and to return the Roman Catholic Church to its former power. Discussion revolved around the creation of a Federation of Europe that would establish a group of independent kingdoms which would be tied together through an administrative governing body that would, among other things, provide military defense. In their plan, Switzerland was made a neutral state that served as a repository for their finances.

In March 1815, Napoleon left Elba, because the pension promised him by King Louis XVIII was discontinued and [because] he believed that Austria was preventing his companion Marie Louise and his son Napoleon II, the former King of Rome (who became the Duke of Reichstadt in Vienna), from being able to join him. Plus, he was made aware of the growing discontent with the King. Thus Napoleon returned, began the Hundred Days War, and was immediately labeled a "public enemy." The coalition at the Congress put aside their diplomatic business and joined in the battle.

Shortly before Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo, negotiations at the Congress of Vienna were completed and the treaty was signed on June 9, 1815. The Second Peace of Paris in November 1815 exiled Napoleon to St. Helena, an island 1,000 miles off the African coast, where he died in 1821.

The Russian czar saw through the planned European Federation, recognizing it as an Illuminati ploy, and would not go along with it. On September 26, 1815, the "Treaty of Holy Alliance" was signed by Czar Alexander I of Russia, Francis II of Austria, and Frederick William III of Prussia, while the allies were negotiating the Second Peace of Paris.

The Treaty guaranteed the sovereignty of any monarch who would adhere to Christian principles in the affairs of State. The Treaty made them a "true and indissoluble brotherhood." Alexander claimed he got the idea from a conversation with Castlereagh. Castlereagh later said that the Alliance was a "piece of sublime mysticism and nonsense." Prussia and Austria claimed they went along with it, out of fear of Russian retaliation. Although the Alliance had no influence on matters, it did indicate to other countries that they had banded together against them, and it succeeded in temporarily crushing Europe's growing liberal movement.

Austrian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Prince Klemens Furst von Metternich, the most influential statesman in Europe and a Rothschild agent, said that the purpose of his idea for a European Federation was only to preserve the social order, and he was convinced that Alexander was insane.

In actuality, the reason for the Congress of Vienna was for the Illuminati to create a Federation so they would have complete political control over most of the civilized world. Many of the European governments were in debt to the Rothschilds, so they figured they could use that as a bargaining tool. The Illuminati, in their first attempt, had come terrifyingly close to gaining control of the world. The head of the family, Nathan Rothschild, awaited the day that his family would get revenge by destroying the Czar and his family, which they did in 1917.

In 1916, the Senate Congressional Record (pg. 6781) reproduced a document known as the "Secret Treaty of Verona" which had been signed in November 22, 1822 by Austria (Metternich), France (Chateaubriand), Prussia (Bernstet), and Russia (Nesselrode); and was partially the reason for the establishment of the Monroe Doctrine. Its purpose was to make some changes to the "Treaty of Holy Alliance", and Article One stated:

"The high contracting powers, being convinced that the system of representative government is equally as incompatible with the monarchical principles as the maxim of the sovereignty of the people with the divine right; engage mutually, in the most solemn manner, to use all their efforts to put an end to the system of representative governments, in whatever country it may exist in Europe, and to prevent its being introduced where it is not yet known."

Without a doubt, this document represented the intentions of the International bankers as they planned increasing domination over a growing world.

Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-72)

After Weishaupt died on November 18, 1830 at the age of 82, Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-72), an Italian patriot and revolutionary leader, was appointed head of the Illuminati in 1834. It was believed that Weishaupt rejoined the Catholic Church with a deathbed repentance.

While attending Genoa University, Giuseppe Mazzini became a 33rd degree Mason, and joined a secret organization known as the Carbonari (their stated goal in 1818: "Our final aim is that of Voltaire and of the French Revolution -- the complete annihilation of Catholicism, and ultimately all Christianity."), where he became committed to the cause of Italian unity. In 1831 he was exiled to France where he founded the 'Young Societies' movement which included Giovane Italia (Young Italy), Young England, etc. This group united those who wanted to achieve unification through force. Mazzini moved to England in 1837 then returned to Italy in 1848 to lead the revolution against the Austrians. Again he was exiled. In the 1850's he led more revolutionary activities, and through his actions Italy became united in 1861 as a single kingdom rather than the republic envisioned by Mazzini.

Mazzini, who became known as the 'Evil Genius of Italy,' tried to carry on the activities of the Illuminati through the Alta Vendita Lodge, the highest lodge of the Carbonari.

From 1814-48, the group known as the Haute Vente Romaine led the activities of most of Europe's secret societies. In April, 1836 the head of the Haute Vente, whose pseudonym was 'Nubius,' wrote to 'Beppo':

"Mazzini behaves too much like a conspirator of melodrama to suit the obscure role we resign ourselves to play until our triumph. Mazzini likes to talk about a great many things, about himself above all. He never ceases writing that he is overthrowing thrones and altars, that he fertilizes the peoples, that he is the prophet of humanitarianism..."

In 1860, Giuseppe Mazzini had formed an organization called the 'Oblonica,' a name derived from the Latin 'obelus', which means: "I beckon with a spit (dagger)." Within this group, he established an inner circle called the Mafia.

About 1000 A.D., after the Normans had driven the Arabs out of Sicily, they established a feudal system. Overseers to guard each feudi were chosen from known criminals. Skirmishes between the Barons were fought by these criminals. Although feudal privileges were abolished in 1812, these overseers retained control of the land through leasing arrangements. It was this band of criminals that Mazzini gave the name 'Mafia', which was an acronym for Mazzini, Autorizza, Furti, Incendi, and Avvelengmenti. Known as the Mafiosi, they were authorized by Mazzini to commit thefts, arson and murder. It was this organization that came to America during the 1890's with the beginning of Italian immigration.

[Steve Gardner]

The Illuminati Arrives in America (1785)

In 1785, the Columbia Lodge of the Illuminati was established in New York City. Among its members were Governor DeWitt Clinton, Horace Greeley (politician and editor of the New York Daily Tribune), Charles Dana, and Clinton Roosevelt (the ancestor of Franklin D. Roosevelt). Roosevelt wrote a book called Science of Government Founded on Natural Law, in which he wrote:

"There is no God of justice to order things aright on earth, if there be a God, he is a malicious and revengeful being, who created us for misery."

He referred to himself and other members as the "enlightened ones," and said that the U.S. Constitution was a "leaky vessel" which was "hastily put together when we left the British flag," and therefore needed revision.

In 1786, a lodge was started in Portsmouth, Virginia, where allegedly, Thomas Jefferson was a member; followed by fourteen others in different cities of the thirteen colonies.

On July 19, 1789 David Pappin, President of Harvard University, issued a warning to the graduating class concerning the Illuminati's influence on American politics and religion. In April 1793 France sent new ambassador Edmond Genet to America so he could collect payment for the American debt incurred during the American Revolution. The money was to be used to finance France's war with England. However, his real reason for being here was to gain political favor for France and spread Illuminism, which he did through the establishment of 'Democratic Clubs.'

Washington said [the clubs] "...would shake the government to its foundations," while John Quincy Adams, oldest son of the 2nd President, John Adams who became our 6th President in 1825, said that these clubs were "so perfectly affiliated with the Parisian Jacobins that their origin from a common parent cannot possibly be mistaken." Because of the Illuminati threat, Washington and Adams lobbied Congress to pass the Alien and Sedition Act which was "designed to protect the United States from the extensive French Jacobin conspiracy, paid agents of which were even in high places in the government."

In a letter from Adams to Jefferson dated June 30, 1813 he wrote:

"You certainly never felt the terrorism excited by Genet, in 1793 ... when ten thousand people in the streets of Philadelphia, day after day threatened to drag Washington out of his house, and effect a revolution ... nothing but (a miracle) ... could have saved the United States from a fatal revolution of government."

Thomas Paine, author and political theorist, helped the Illuminati infiltrate several Masonic lodges. He revealed his loyalty to them when his book The Age of Reason was published in 1794 which dealt with the role of religion in society. Although he believed in God, he could not accept the entire Bible as being fact. A second volume was published in 1796. An unofficial third volume subtitled: Examination of the Prophecies also appeared, which seriously questioned the deity and existence of Jesus. In 1937 The Times of London referred to him as "the English Voltaire."

On May 9, 1798 Rev. Jedediah Morse, pastor of the Congregational Church in Charleston, South Carolina preached a sermon at the New North Church in Boston about the Illuminati:

"Practically all of the civil and ecclesiastical establishments of Europe have already been shaken to their foundations by this terrible organization; the French Revolution itself is doubtless to be traced to its machinations; the successes of the French armies are to be explained on the same ground.
The Jacobins are nothing more nor less than the open manifestation of the hidden system of the Illuminati. The Order has its branches established and its emissaries at work in America. The affiliated Jacobin Societies in America have doubtless had as the object of their establishment the propagation of the principles of the illuminated mother club in France ...

I hold it a duty, my brethren, which I owe to God, to the cause of religion, to my country and to you, at this time, to declare to you, thus honestly and faithfully, these truths. My only aim is to awaken you and myself a due attention, at this alarming period, to our dearest interests. As a faithful watchman I would give you warning of your present danger."

Later in July, Timothy Dwight, President of Yale University, told the people of New Haven: "Shall our sons become the disciples of Voltaire (a French writer) and the dragoons of Murat, or our daughters, the concubines of the Illuminati?"

To infiltrate the Masonic lodges in Europe, Weishaupt had enlisted the aid of John Robison who was a long time, high degree Mason in the Scottish Rite, a professor of Natural Philosophy at Edinburgh University in Scotland, a British historian, and Secretary-General to the Royal Society of Edinburgh. When he went to Germany, he was given Weishaupt's revised conspiracy plans to study, in order to expand the Illuminati's influence in the British Isles. However, Robison didn't agree with their principles, and after warning American Masons in 1789, published a book to expose the organization in 1798 called Proofs of a Conspiracy Against All Religions and Governments of Europe, Carried On In the Secret Meetings of Freemasons, Illuminati, and Reading Societies which presented the Protestant view. He wrote:

"I have observed these doctrines gradually diffusing and mixing with all the different systems of Freemasonry till, at last, an association has been formed for the express purpose of rooting out all the religious establishments, and overturning all the existing governments of Europe."

Also, that same year, Abbé Augustin Barruel (French patriot, Jesuit, and 3rd degree Mason) published his Memoires pour servir a l´Histoire du Jacobinisme or Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism (which presented the Roman Catholic view). Both books sought to warn America about the Illuminati conspiracy, but the warnings were not taken seriously. The January, 1798 edition of the Monthly Magazine contained a letter by Augustus Bottiger, Provost of the College of Weimar, who accused Robison of making inaccurate statements and said that since 1790 "every concern of the Illuminati has ceased."

Thomas Jefferson, believed to be a member of the Virginia lodge of the Illuminati and a Mason who helped the Illuminati to infiltrate the New England Masonic lodges, denied all the allegations and described Weishaupt as "an enthusiastic philanthropist" and called Barruel's revelations "the ravings of a Bedlamite" (Bedlam was the name of a hospital in London for the mentally insane).

During the summer of 1798, Rev. G. W. Snyder, a Lutheran minister, wrote a letter to President Washington and included a copy of Robison's book expressing his concern about the Illuminati infiltrating the American Masonic lodges. In Washington's response, dated September 25, 1798, he wrote: "I have heard much about the nefarious and dangerous plan and doctrines of the Illuminati," but went on to say that he didn't believe that they had become involved in the lodges.

A subsequent letter by Snyder, requesting a more reassuring answer resulted in a letter from Washington, dated October 24, 1798, which can be found in The Writings of George Washington (volume 20, page 518, which was prepared under the direction of the U.S. George Washington Bicentennial Commission and published by the U.S. Government Printing Office in 1941). He wrote:

"It was not my intention to doubt that the doctrines of the Illuminati and the principles of Jacobinism had not spread in the United States. On the contrary, no one is more satisfied of this fact than I am. The idea I meant to convey, was, that I did not believe that the lodges of Freemasons in this country had, as societies, endeavored to propagate the diabolical tenets of the first, or pernicious principles of the latter. That individuals of them may have done it, or that the founder or instruments employed to have found the democratic societies in the United States may have had this object, and actually had a separation of the people from their government in view, is too evident to be questioned."

Shortly before his death, Washington issued two more warnings about the Illuminati.

Around 1807, John Quincy Adams (said to have organized the New England Masonic lodges) who later became President in 1825, wrote three letters to Colonel William C. Stone, a top Mason, telling him that Thomas Jefferson, our 3rd President and founder of the Democratic Party, was using the Masonic lodges for subversive Illuminati purposes. These letters were allegedly kept at the Rittenburg Square Library in Philadelphia but have mysteriously vanished. Adams also wrote to Washington saying that Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton were misusing Masonic lodges for Illuminati purposes and the worship of Lucifer (which is recorded in the Adams Chronicles).

Benjamin Franklin was also accused of being a member of the Illuminati, but there is no concrete proof of this. Jefferson seemed to be the main focus of everyone's ire. He was accused by the Federalists of being a Jacobin and an atheist. There is some evidence to indicate that he did use the Democratic Societies and Jacobin Clubs in his 1796 battle with John Adams for the Presidency. The Rev. Jedediah Morse identified Jefferson as "an Illuminatus."

On July 4, 1812, Rev. Joseph Willard, the president of Harvard University, said in a speech in Lancaster, New Hampshire:

"There is sufficient evidence that a number of societies, of the Illuminati, have been established in this land of Gospel light and civil liberty, which were first organized from the grand society in France. They are doubtless secretly striving to undermine all our ancient institutions, civil and sacred. These societies are closely leagued with those of the same Order, in Europe; they have all the same object in view. The enemies of all order are seeking our ruin. Should infidelity generally prevail, our independence would fall of course. Our republican government would be annihilated..."

It has been suggested, that one of the reasons that the British looted and burned Washington in 1812 was to destroy secret documents that would have exposed the treason against the United States by various people highly placed within the government.

When those advocating a strong central government organized the Federalist Party in 1791, the Anti-Federalists who favored states' rights and were against Alexander Hamilton's (Secretary of Treasury under Washington, 1789-1795) fiscal policies which they felt benefited the wealthy, rallied under Thomas Jefferson, Washington's first Secretary of State (1789-93). They became an organized political party after the Constitutional Convention in 1787 led by New York Governor George Clinton (who was later Vice-President under Jefferson and Madison), Patrick Henry of Virginia, and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts (a signer of the Declaration of Independence). The Anti-Federalists were made up of the low class, farmers, and paper money advocates, who strongly opposed a strong central government as set forth in the U.S. Constitution of 1789 and succeeded in getting the Bill of Rights added. They were against a single, national government, upper class rule, and a weak program for the separation of powers.

The Jeffersonian Republicans, so named because of the anti-monarchy views of the Anti-Federalists, had power from 1801-1825. In 1796, the party split into the Democratic-Republicans organized by New York State Senator Martin Van Buren (who became our 8th President, 1837-41), which concerned themselves with states' rights, farmers' interests and democratic procedures; and the National Republicans, led by John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and Daniel Webster, which merged with the Federalists in 1820. In 1826, the Democratic-Republicans became known as just plain Democrats, while the National Republicans became identified as only Republicans in 1854. That is how the two-party system was created in this country.

Illuminati Activity in the 1800's

In 1829, the Illuminati held a secret meeting in New York, which was addressed by a British Illuminist named Frances "Fanny" Wright, from Scotland, who was an associate of socialist Robert Dale Owen. She had come to America in 1818, then again in 1824. In 1828, she became the co-editor of the New Harmony Gazette with Owen. In 1829, they moved to New York, and called their publication the Free Enquirer. At the meeting, she spoke of equal rights, atheism, and free love, as she promoted a Women's Auxiliary of the Illuminati. Those present were told that an international movement of subversives was being developed along the lines of Illuminati principles, who would be used to ferment future wars. They were to be known as 'Communists.' This movement was to be used to make the idea of a one-world government more appealing by bringing chaos to the world through war and revolution, so the Illuminati could step in to create order.

In 1843, poet Heinrich Heine, revealed what he knew about this new group, when he wrote a book called Letece, which was a compilation of articles he wrote for the Augsburg Gazette from 1840-1843. A passage from that book read:

"Communism is the secret name of this tremendous adversary which the rule of the proletariat, with all that implies, opposes to the existing bourgeois regime ... Communism is nonetheless the dark hero, cast for an enormous if fleeting role in the modern tragedy, and awaiting its cue to enter the stage."

Clinton Roosevelt, Horace Greeley (1811-72, Editor of the New York Tribune which he founded in 1841), and Charles Dana (1819-97, City Editor on the New York Tribune, and later Editor of the New York Sun), prominent newspaper publishers at that time, were appointed to a committee to raise funds for the project which was being financed by the Rothschilds. Incidentally, Greeley, because of his ambition for high public office and his anti-slavery stand helped organize the Republican Party in 1854. In 1872, he ran for the Presidency against Ulysses S. Grant on the Liberal Republican ticket. Grant defeated him 3,597,132 votes to 2,834,125.

In 1841, Clinton Roosevelt wrote a book called The Science of Government Founded on Natural Law which was the blueprint of the conspiracy to eliminate the U.S. Constitution and to communize the country based on the principles of Weishaupt. It contained the detailed plan for the New Deal and the National Recovery Act that was implemented 92 years later by his direct descendant Franklin D. Roosevelt.

The Illuminati operated through a front organization known as the Locofoco Party (1835-45) which was organized by radical Jacksonian Democrats who were strongly influenced by the Working Man's Party (1828-30) and had labor support. The Working Man's Party merged into the Equal Rights Party in 1833 which later developed into the Socialist Party in 1901. The Locofocos got their name when they voted down the endorsed candidate for the Democratic Party Chairman, and the gas lights were turned off by Party regulars during the 1835 meeting in Tammany Hall. The matches they used to light candles, in order to continue the meeting, were called 'locofocos.'

With their political strength concentrated mainly in the Northeast, their goals were to establish an independent treasury and to enact anti-monopoly legislation. They were absorbed into the States' rights movement of Sen. John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, Sen. Henry Clay of Kentucky, and Sen. Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, who joined with the Jeffersonian Republicans and the Anti-Masonic Party to form the Whig Party which represented farmers, southern plantation owners, and northeastern business interests. Their main complaint was President Andrew Jackson's refusal to Charter the Second Bank of the United States. They succeeded in electing Gen. William Henry Harrison and Gen. Zachary Taylor to the Presidency but were stymied by presidential vetoes when they tried to get their legislative projects passed, especially after the re-establishment of the National Bank. The Whigs later merged with the newly formed Republican Party.

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[Steve Gardner]

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Albert Pike

In 1859, Albert Pike (1809-1891), a lawyer and leader of the U.S. Scottish Rite Masonry (who was called the 'Sovereign Pontiff of Universal Freemasonry,' the 'Prophet of Freemasonry' and the 'greatest Freemason of the nineteenth century') who was fascinated with the idea of a one-world government, was chosen to coordinate Illuminati activities in the United States. He said they needed to create a political party that would keep the world fighting, until they could bring peace. Pike said it would be done "with tongue and pen, with all our open and secret influences, with the purse, and if need be, with the sword..."

Albert Pike was born on December 29, 1809 in Boston, went to Harvard, then later served as a Brigadier-General in the Confederate Army. He was appointed by the Confederacy to be the Indian Commissioner in order to create an army of Indian warriors. He became Governor of the Indian territory and succeeded in creating an army consisting of Chickasaws, Comanches, Creeks, Cherokees, Miamis, Osages, Kansas, and Choctaws. He became known to them as the "faithful pale-face friend and protector." The savagery of their attacks caused Jefferson Davis, the President of the Confederacy, to disband the Indian army. After the Civil War, Pike was found guilty of treason and jailed only to be pardoned by President Andrew Johnson on April 22, 1866 who met with him the next day at the White House. On June 20, 1867 Scottish Rite officials conferred upon Johnson the 4th - 32nd degrees and he later went to Boston to dedicate a Masonic Temple. The only monument to a Confederate general in Washington, D.C. was erected in Pike's honor and can be found between the Department of Labor building and the Municipal Building (between 3rd and 4th Streets, on D Street, NW).

Pike was a genius able to read and write in 16 different languages. A 33rd degree Mason, he was one of the founding fathers and head of the Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry. In 1869, he was a top leader in the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. In 1871, he wrote the 861 page Masonic handbook known as the Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Rite of Freemasonry.

Pike was said to be a Satanist who indulged in the occult and possessed a bracelet he used to summon Lucifer with whom he had constant communication. He was the Grand Master of a Luciferian group known as the Order of the Palladium (or Sovereign Council of Wisdom) which had been founded in Paris in 1737. Palladism had been brought to Greece from Egypt by Pythagoras in the fifth century [B.C.] and it was this cult of Satan that was introduced to the inner circle of the Masonic lodges. It was aligned with the Palladium of the Templars.

In 1801, Issac Long, a Jew, brought a statue of Baphomet (Satan) to Charleston, South Carolina, where he helped established the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite. Pike, his successor, changed the name to the New and Reformed Palladian Rite (or Reformed Palladium). The Order contained two degrees: 1) Adelph (or Brother), and 2) Companion of Ulysses (or Companion of Penelope). Pike's right-hand man was Phileas Walder, from Switzerland, who was a former Lutheran minister, a Masonic leader, occultist, and spiritualist. His other closest aids were Gallatin Mackey (a Masonic leader), Longfellow, and Holbrook. Pike, along with Mazzini, Lord Henry Palmerston of England (1784-1865, 33rd degree Mason), and Otto von Bismarck from Germany (33rd Mason, 1815-1898), intended to use the Palladian Rite to create a Satanic umbrella group that would tie all Masonic groups together.

Because of Mazzini's revolutionary activities in Europe, the Illuminati had to again go underground. Pike established Supreme Councils in Charleston, South Carolina; Rome, Italy (led by Mazzini); London, England (led by Palmerston); and Berlin, Germany (led by Bismarck). He set up 23 subordinate councils in strategic places throughout the world, including five Grand Central Directories in Washington, D.C. (North America), Montevideo (South America), Naples (Europe), Calcutta (Asia), and Mauritius (Africa), which were used to gather information. All of these branches have been the secret headquarters for the Illuminati's activities ever since.

In a letter dated January 22, 1870, Mazzini wrote to Pike:

"We must allow all of the federations to continue just as they are, with their systems, their central authorities and diverse modes of correspondence between high grades of the same rite, organized as they are at present, but we must create a super rite, which will remain unknown, to which we will call those Masons of high degree whom we shall select (obviously referring to the New and Reformed Palladian Rite). With regard to our brothers in Masonry, these men must be pledged to the strictest secrecy. Through this supreme rite, we will govern all Freemasonry which will become the one International Center, the more powerful because its direction will be unknown."

In another letter, dated August 15, 1871, Pike wrote to Mazzini:

"We shall unleash the Nihilists and the Atheists, and we shall provoke a formidable social cataclysm which in all its horror will show clearly to the nations the effect of absolute atheism, the origin of savagery, and of the most bloody turmoil. Then everywhere, the citizens, obliged to defend themselves against the world minority of revolutionaries, will exterminate those destroyers of civilization, and the multitude, disillusioned with Christianity, whose deistic spirits will from that moment be without compass, anxious for an ideal, but without knowing where to render its adoration, will receive the pure light through the universal manifestation which will result from the general reactionary movement which will follow the destruction of Christianity and atheism, both conquered and exterminated at the same time."

Another part of this letter was [reportedly] "discovered" in 1949, which graphically outlined plans for three world wars and at least two revolutions. The first world war was to enable communistic atheism to destroy the czarist government in Russia. This was accomplished. The second world war was to begin by pitting Great Britain against Germany, in order to destroy Naziism and advance the cause of Zionism so that Israel could become a nation. This was accomplished. After this war, Communism was to be made strong enough to begin taking over weaker governments. In 1945 at the Potsdam Conference between Truman, Churchill, and Stalin, Russia was given a chunk of Europe and that helped to sweep the tide of Communism into China. The plan also called for a third world war, which is to be ignited by firing up the aggression between the Zionists (Israel) and the Arab world who will destroy each other bringing the rest of the world into a final conflict. This conflict will be engineered to produce complete social, political, and economic chaos out of which will emerge an Illuminati-controlled world government.

William Guy Carr, a retired Canadian Naval Commander, in his book Pawns in the Game claimed that for a short time this letter had been on display in the British Museum Library in London where he wrote a copy of it. However, the British Museum has said that they never had such a letter in their collection. It was later discovered that Carr got the information from a book called The Mystery of Freemasonry Unveiled by Jose Maria Caro y Rodriguez, the Archbishop of Santiago and the Cardinal of Chile. Some researchers believe the second letter to be fraudulent and had been written much later than the first part, since the word 'Fascism' was not used until 1921 and the Arab/Jewish problem did not exist until after the 1917 Balfour Declaration. But then again, if they indeed planned and initiated these events, the document could very well be authentic.

After Mazzini's death on March 11, 1872 Pike appointed Adriano Lemmi (1822-1896, 33rd degree Mason), a banker from Florence, Italy, to run their subversive activities in Europe. Lemmi was a supporter of patriot and revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi and may have been active in the Luciferian Society founded by Pike.

On July 14, 1889, Pike issued this statement to the 24 Supreme Councils of the world who were meeting in Paris:

"That which we must say to the crowd is: 'We worship a God, but it is the God one adores without superstition.' To you, Sovereign Grand Inspectors General (33rd Degree Masons), we say this, that you may repeat it to the Brethren of the 32nd, 31st, and 30th degrees: 'The Masonic religion should be, by all of us initiates of the high degrees, maintained in the purity of the Luciferian doctrine.'

If Lucifer were not God, would Adonay (or 'Adonai,' Hebrew for the word 'Lord' which refers to Jehovah, the God of Israel, which they avoided using) whose deeds prove his cruelty, perfidy, and hatred of man, barbarism and repulsion for science, would Adonay and his priests calumniate him? Yes, Lucifer is God, and unfortunately Adonay is also God. For the eternal law is that there is no light without shade, no beauty without ugliness, no white without black, for the absolute can only exist as two Gods: darkness being necessary to light to serve as its foil as the pedestal is necessary to the statue, and the brake to the locomotive...

...Thus, the doctrine of Satanism is a heresy; and the true and pure philosophic religion is the belief in Lucifer, the equal of Adonay; but Lucifer, God of Light and God of Good, is struggling for humanity against Adonay, the God of darkness and evil."

Phi-Beta-Kappa Fraternity

The fraternity known as Phi Beta Kappa was organized in 1776 by students at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia (the second oldest in the country, founded in 1694), as a secret debating club. It was later infiltrated, and used to introduce Illuminati principles to America.

Their name was derived from their Greek password and motto, 'Philosophia Biou Kuberuetes,' which means, 'Philosophy is the Guide of Life.' Open only to university students, their goal was to make philosophy, not religion, the guiding principle of man's actions. They had secret hand signals and handshakes up to 1831, when it was reorganized and changed from a social organization, to an honorary society for upper classmen with high scholastic standing.

During the 1700's, when it looked as through the fraternity would fold, one of its members, Elisha Parmele, received a grant to establish chapters at Yale in 1780, and at Harvard in 1781. They later grew to have chapters on 270 campuses, and with more than 500,000 members.

Among their members have been:

Henry Kissinger (U.S. Secretary of State, 1973 to 1977; Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, 1969-75)
Dean Rusk (Presidential advisor)
Caspar Weinberger (U.S. Secretary of Defense, 1981-87)
John D. Rockefeller, Jr.
Nelson Rockefeller
President George H.W. Bush
President Jimmy Carter
President Bill Clinton
President Franklin Roosevelt
President Woodrow Wilson
Gov. Jeb Bush (from Florida)
Sen. Joseph Lieberman (from Connecticut)
Byron White (Supreme Court Justice)
Elihu Root (Secretary of State, 1905-1909; president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1910-1925)
Tom Brokaw (NBC commentator)
Howard K. Smith (ABC commentator)
Francis Ford Coppola (noted film director)

To be fair here, I have to say that the inclusion of Phi Beta Kappa is by no means intended to downplay the academic achievements of its thousands of members, or to give the connotation of it being an evil organization. However, its dubious beginnings, and the fact that many people in influential positions have come from their ranks, it certainly is reason enough to take note.

But more than that, when you see their membership cross over into other organizations such as the Bilderberg Group, Council on Foreign Relations, and Trilateral Commission, then you begin to see it as a possible breeding ground for people who are favorable to the international agenda that is leading to one-world government.

The "Skull and Bones" Society

The Skull and Bones organization was founded at Yale in 1832 by General William Huntington Russell (who later served in the Connecticut State legislature 1846-47) and Alphonso Taft (U.S. Secretary of War in 1876, Attorney General 1886-87, U.S. Minister to Austria 1882-84, U.S. Ambassador to Russia 1884-85, and the father of former president William Howard Taft); and incorporated in 1856 by Russell and Daniel Colt Gilman, under the name 'The Russell Trust Association.' Russell had visited Germany that year, where he was exposed to the Illuminati, and possibly initiated. He wanted to establish a similar group in America, where their sons could become members of a secret Order that would give them a favored status.

It became a black lodge of Freemasonry. In 1873, some Yale students broke into their headquarters, a windowless building called 'The Tomb' adjacent to the campus, where they discovered their insignia, the skull and crossbones, along with some real SkullBones and bones. They wrote in the Yale newspaper, the Iconoclast: "Year-by-year the deadly evil of the Skull and Bones is growing."

The Russell Trust is endowed by $54 million in alumni grants, and it is the alumni who control the group. Antony C. Sutton, a former Economics professor at Stanford University, wrote a four-volume series of books on the group and revealed the names of 30 influential old-line American families who have contributed to its ranks (some of which can trace their lineage back to the 1600's, when they arrived from England), including: Whitney, Lord, Phelps, Wadsworth, Allen, Bundy, Adams, Harriman, Rockefeller, Payne, Davison, and Pratt. Every year 15 juniors are chosen to be members and are called 'Knights.' Upon graduation they are called the 'Patriarchs of the Order.'

Since its inception, over 2500 Yale graduates have been initiated. Its members have assimilated themselves into every area of business and government. Members have included:

William H. Taft (27th President)
George H.W. Bush (41st President, Bilderberg, CFR and Trilateral Commission member until 1980)
George W. Bush (43rd President)
John Kerry (U.S. Senator from Massachusetts)
David Boren (U.S. Senator from Oklahoma)
John Sherman Cooper (U.S. Senator from Kentucky)
John H. Chafee (U.S. Senator from Rhode Island)
Potter Stewart (Supreme Court Justice)
Winston Lord (Chairman of the CFR, Ambassador to China and assistant Secretary of State in the Clinton administration)
Henry Stimson (Secretary of State for President Herbert Hoover)
Robert A. Lovett (Secretary of Defense for President Harry Truman)
McGeorge Bundy (National Security advisor for President John Kennedy)
Archibald MacLeish (founder of UNESCO)
W. Averell Harriman (financier, governor of New York, and advisor to various Democratic presidents)
Harold Stanley (investment banker, founder of Morgan Stanley)
Dean Witter, Jr. (investment banker)
Henry P. Davison (senior partner of Morgan Guaranty Trust)
J. Hugh Liedtke (co-founder of Pennzoil Corp.)
William P. Bundy (editor of the CFR's journal Foreign Affairs)
Henry Luce (founder of Time/Life magazines)
Russell Wheeler Davenport (of Fortune magazine)
Richard Ely Danielson (of Atlantic Monthly magazine)
William F. Buckley, Jr. (of National Review magazine)
Alfred Cowles (of Cowles Communications)
William Sloane Coffin (President of SANE/FREEZE, Phi Beta Kappa)
Gifford Pinchot (father of the Environmental Movement)

Nicknamed 'Bonesmen,' these establishment elites have become members of the Trilateral Commission and the Council on Foreign Relations, and have achieved high level positions in the Administrations of various Presidents, the Congress, and the government, in various capacities. From these positions, they can use their influence to work towards their common goal of one-world government.

Yale Professor of History, Gaddis Smith, said: "Yale has influenced the Central Intelligence Agency more than any other university, giving the CIA the atmosphere of a class reunion."

Both the Skull and Bones, and Phi Beta Kappa, are indicative of the way the Illuminati functions. They know that if they can grab, control, and mold young minds, then they will have unwitting pawns to do their bidding, and could be called upon to contribute to their efforts. The early history of the Illuminati was nothing more than a seed that was planted. That is why there was a big emphasis on infiltrating educational institutions with their doctrine. As each class graduated through the educational systems of the world, the more people there were to perpetuate their plans. In time, the Illuminati knew they would have enough of the right people, in the right places, for them to secretly further their goals.

[Steve Gardner]

The House of Rothschild

No other name has become more synonymous with the Illuminati than the Rothschilds. It is believed that the Rothschild family used the Illuminati as a means to achieving their goal of world-wide financial dominance. Meyer Amschel Rothschild (1743-1812) was born in Frankfurt-on-the-Main in Germany, the son of [Amschel Moses] Bauer, a banker and goldsmith. Their name was derived from the 'red shield' ('rotschildt') that hung over the door of their shop, and had been the emblem of revolutionary Jews in Eastern Europe. A few years after his father's death, he worked as a clerk in a Hanover bank, which was owned by the Oppenheimers. He became a junior partner, and soon left to take over the business started by his father in 1750. He bought and sold rare coins, and later succeeded in buying out several other coin dealers.

In [1789], he became a court agent for Prince William IX of Hesse-Kassel, who was the grandson of George II of England, a cousin to George III, a nephew of the King of Denmark, and a brother-in-law to the King of Sweden. Soon Rothschild became the middleman for big Frankfurt bankers like the Bethmann Brothers, and Rueppell & Harnier. After expanding his business to antiques, wineries, and the importing of manufactured materials from England, the Rothschild family began to amass a sizable fortune.

Prince William inherited his father's fortune upon his death in 1785, which was the largest private fortune in Europe. Some of this money had come from Great Britain paying for the use of 16,800 Hessian soldiers to stop the revolution in America, because the money was never given to the troops. In 1804, the Rothschilds secretly made loans to the Denmark government, on behalf of Prince William.

In June, 1806, when Napoleon's troops pushed their way into Germany, Prince William fled to Denmark, leaving his money with Meyer Rothschild. History tells us that Rothschild secretly buried William's ledgers, which revealed the full extent of his wealth, a list of debtors and the interest required from them, and 600,000 pounds ($3,000,000), to keep Napoleon from confiscating it. Buderus von Carlhausen (Carl Buderus), the Treasury official who handled William's finances, was given 'power of attorney,' and he in turn made Rothschild his chief banker, responsible for collecting the interest on the royal loans. Napoleon announced that all debts being paid to Prince William, were to go to the French Treasury, and offered a 25% commission on any debts that he would collect. Rothschild refused.

The "Waterloo" of British Finance

Developing circumstances soon allowed the Rothschilds to formulate a plan which would guarantee them the financial control of Europe, and soon the world. It began with taking advantage of the outcome of the Battle of Waterloo, which was fought at La-Belle-Alliance, seven miles south of Waterloo, which is a suburb of Brussels, Belgium.

Early in the battle, Napoleon appeared to be winning, and the first secret military report to London communicated that fact. However, upon reinforcements from the Prussians, under Gebhard Blucher, the tide turned in favor of Wellington. On Sunday, June 18, 1815, Rothworth, a courier of Nathan Rothschild, head of the London branch of the family, was on the battlefield, and upon seeing that Napoleon was being beaten, went by horse to Brussels, then to Ostende, and for 2,000 francs, got a sailor to get him to England across stormy seas.

When Nathan Rothschild received the news on June 20th, he informed the government, who did not believe him. So, with everyone believing Wellington to be defeated, Rothschild immediately began to sell all of his stock on the English Stock Market. Everyone else followed his lead, and also began selling, causing stocks to plummet to practically nothing. At the last minute, his agents secretly began buying up the stocks at rock-bottom prices. On June 21, at 11 PM, Wellington's envoy, Major Henry Percy showed up at the War Office with his report that Napoleon had been crushed in a bitter eight hour battle, losing a third of his men.

This gave the Rothschild family complete control of the British economy, and forced England to set up a new Bank of England, which Nathan Rothschild controlled. However, that wasn't the only angle he used to profit from the Battle of Waterloo. Meyer Rothschild sent some of Prince William's money to his son Nathan in London, and according to the Jewish Encyclopedia:

"Nathan invested it in 800,000 pounds of gold from the East India Company, knowing it would be needed for Wellington's peninsula campaign. He made no less than four profits: (1) on the sale of Wellington's paper (which he bought at 50¢ on the dollar); (2) on the sale of gold to Wellington; (3) on its repurchase; and (4) on forwarding it to Portugal. This was the beginning of the great fortune."

After Napoleon's defeat, Prince William returned to resume his rule. Buderus was made a Baron, and the Rothschilds were the richest bankers in Europe.

In 1817, France, in order to get back on their feet again, secured loans from a French banking house in Ouvrard, and from the Baring Brothers bank in London. The Rothschilds saw their chance to get a firm grip on the French economy, and on October, 1818, Rothschild agents began buying huge amounts of French government bonds, which caused their value to increase. On November 5th, they were dumped on the open market, creating a financial panic as their value declined. Thus, the Rothschilds gained control of France.

The "Five Arrows"

Meyer Rothschild had established banks in England, France, and Germany. His sons, who were made Barons of the Austrian Empire, were set up to continue and expand his banking empire.

Amschel Meyer Rothschild (1773-1855)
Was the head of the bank in Frankfurt, Germany, which was known as M. A. Rothschild and Sons. It closed in 1901, after the deaths of Meyer Karl and his brother Wilhelm Karl, the sons of Karl Meyer Rothschild. In 1838, he said: "Permit me to issue and control the money of a nation, and I care not who makes its laws".

Salomon Rothschild (1774-1855)
Was the head of the bank in Vienna, Austria, known as S. M. Rothschild and Sons. It was closed during World War II after the Nazi occupation).

Nathan Meyer Rothschild (1777-1836)
Was the head of the bank in London, England, which [is] known as N.M. Rothschild and Sons. It has occupied the same premises since 1809, at 2 New Court, St. Swithin's Lane in London, near the Bank of England and Stock Exchange. He once said: "I care not what puppet is placed upon the throne of England to rule the Empire on which the sun never sets. The man who controls Britain's money supply controls the British Empire, and I control the British money supply."

Karl Rothschild (1788-1868)
Was the head of the bank in Naples, Italy. It closed in 1861.

James Rothschild (1792-1868)
Was the head of the bank in Paris, France, which was known as Messieurs de Rothschild Freres. It's name was changed to La Banque Rothschild in 1967.

This was the beginning of the House of Rothschild, which controlled a fortune estimated to be well over $300,000,000. Soon the Rothschilds spanned Europe with railroads, invested in coal and ironworks, financed England's purchase of the Suez Canal, paid for oil exploration in Russia and the Sahara Desert, financed the czars of Russia, supported Cecil Rhodes diamond operations, aided France in creating an empire in Africa, financed the Hapsburg monarchs, and saved the Vatican from bankruptcy.

In this country [U.S.], through their American and European agents, they helped finance Rockefeller's Standard Oil, Carnegie Steel, and Harriman's Railroad. Werner Sombart, in his book The Jews and Modern Capitalism, said that from 1820 on, it was the "age of the Rothschild" and concluded that there was "only one power in Europe, and that is Rothschild." In 1913, the family fortune was estimated to be over two billion dollars.

After Meyer Rothschild died on September 19, 1812, his will spelled out specific guidelines that were to be maintained by his descendants:

1) All important posts were to be held by only family members, and only male members were to be involved on the business end. The oldest son of the oldest son was to be the head of the family, unless otherwise agreed upon by the rest of the family, as was the case in 1812, when Nathan was appointed as the patriarch.

2) The family was to intermarry with their own first and second cousins, so their fortune could be kept in the family, and to maintain the appearance of a united financial empire. For example, his son James (Jacob) Meyer married the daughter of another son, Salomon Meyer. This rule became less important in later generations as they refocused family goals and married into other fortunes.

3) Rothschild ordered that there was never to be "any public inventory made by the courts, or otherwise, of my estate ... Also I forbid any legal action and any publication of the value of the inheritance."

American and British Intelligence have documented evidence that the House of Rothschild, and other International Bankers, have financed both sides of every war, since the American Revolution. Financier Haym Saloman, who supported the patriots during the American Revolution then later made loans to James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, and James Monroe, was a Rothschild agent. As explained earlier, during the Napoleonic Wars, one branch of the family funded Napoleon, while another financed Great Britain, Germany, and other nations. Their boldest maneuver came prior to the Civil War.

The City of London

The Rothschilds operate out of an area in the heart of London, England, the financial district, which is known as "The City", or the "Square Mile". All major British banks have their main offices here, along with branch offices for 385 foreign banks, including 70 from the United States. It is here that you will find the Bank of England, the Stock Exchange, Lloyd's of London, the Baltic Exchange (shipping contracts), Fleet Street (home of publishing and newspaper interests), the London Commodity Exchange (to trade coffee, rubber, sugar and wool), and the London Metal Exchange. It is virtually the financial hub of the world.

Positioned on the north bank of the Thames River, covering an area of 677 acres or one square mile (known as the "wealthiest square mile on earth"), it has enjoyed special rights and privileges that enabled them to achieve a certain level of independence since 1191. In 1215, its citizens received a Charter from King John, granting them the right to annually elect a mayor (known as the Lord Mayor), a tradition that continues today.

Both E. C. Knuth in his book Empire of The City, and Des Griffin in his book Descent into Slavery, stated their belief that "The City" is actually a sovereign state (much like the Vatican), and that since the establishment of the privately owned Bank of England in 1694 "The City" has actually become the last word in the country's national affairs with Prime Minister, Cabinet, and Parliament becoming only a front for the real power. According to Knuth, when the queen enters "The City" she is subservient to the Lord Mayor (under him, is a committee of 12-14 men, known as "The Crown") because this privately-owned corporation is not subject to the Queen or the Parliament.

There seems to be little doubt that the Rothschilds continue to influence the world economy, and it is known that they are squarely behind the movement to unite all the western European nations into a single political entity which is just another step towards one-world government.

[Steve Gardner]

Constitutional Money (1787)

Napoleon said:

"When a government is dependent for money upon the bankers, they and not the leaders of the government control the situation, since the hand that gives is above the hand that takes ... financiers are without patriotism and without decency..."

Karl Marx said in the Communist Manifesto: "Money plays the largest part in determining the course of history." The Rothschilds found out early that when you control the money you basically control everything else. So, while their political plans were being thwarted, they began to concentrate on tightening their grip on the financial structure of the world.

In the mid-1700's the Colonies were prospering because they were issuing their own money called 'Colonial Scrip' which was strictly regulated and didn't require the payment of any interest. When the bankers in Great Britain heard this the British Parliament passed a law prohibiting the currency, forcing them to accept the debt money issued by them. Contrary to what history teaches, the American Revolution was not ignited by a tax on tea. According to Benjamin Franklin it was because "the conditions were so reversed that the era of prosperity ended." He said:

"The Colonies would gladly have borne the little tax on tea and other matters had it not been the poverty caused by the bad influence of the English bankers on the Parliament, which has caused in the Colonies hatred of England and the Revolutionary War."

In 1787, our new Constitution gave Congress the power to "...coin money, (and) regulate the value thereof." (Article 1, Section 8). After Great Britain tried to destroy and control the currency of our new country, Congress realized the danger of 'fiat' or paper money created by law. In 1775, paper money had been issued to finance the war and independent state legislatures passed laws requiring citizens to accept it as legal tender. Since it was created from nothing and not backed by any precious metal, inflation developed. By the end of the war, it took 500 paper dollars to get one silver dollar. Our forefathers wrote in Article I, Section 10, of the U.S. Constitution:

"No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make any thing by gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility."

The First Bank of the United States (1791-1811)

Alexander Hamilton, an Illuminist and agent of European bankers, had immigrated to the colonies in 1772 from the British colony of Nevis on the Leeward Islands in the British West Indies. He married the daughter of Gen. Philip Schuyler, one of the most influential families of New York. In 1789 he was appointed Secretary of the Treasury [by Washington]. Hamilton and Robert Morris successfully convinced the new Congress not to take this power literally, enabling the Bank of North America to be established in 1781 which was similar to the Bank of England. At the time, America had a foreign debt of $12,000 (in money borrowed from Spain, France, Holland, and private interests in Germany) and a domestic debt of $42,000.

In 1790, Hamilton who favored Central Banking urged the Congress to charter a privately owned company to have the sole responsibility of issuing currency in order to handle the country's financial situation. His plan called for Congress to create a Central Banking system with a main office in Philadelphia and smaller branches located in important cities throughout the country. It would be used to deposit government funds and tax collections and to issue bank notes to increase the money supply needed to finance the country's growth. This Bank of the United States would have a capital stock plan of $10 million, with 4/5's (80%) to be owned by private investors and 1/5 (20%) by the U.S. Government. It would be administered by a President and a 25 member Board of Directors, with 20 to be elected by the stockholders and 5 appointed by the government.

Central banking was initiated by international banker William Paterson in 1691 when he obtained the Charter for the Bank of England which put the control of England's money in a privately owned company which had the right to issue notes payable on demand against the security of bank loans to the crown. One of their first transactions was to loan 1.2 million pounds at 8% interest to William of Orange to help the King pay the cost of his war with Louis XIV of France. Paterson said: "The bank hath benefit of interest on all monies which it creates out of nothing." Reginald McKenna, British Chancellor of the Exchequer (or Treasury), said 230 years later:

"The banks can and do create money ... And they who control the credit of the nation direct the policy of governments and hold in the hollow of their hands the destiny of the people."

Hamilton's elitist views and real purpose for wanting Central Banking came to light, when he wrote:

"All communities divide themselves into the few and the many. The first are rich and well-born, the other the mass of the people. The people are turbulent and changing; they seldom judge or determine right."

In 1791, Thomas Jefferson said:

"To preserve our independence, we must not let our rulers load us with perpetual debt. If we run into such debts, we (will then) be taxed in our meat and our drink, in our necessities and in our comforts, in our labor and in our amusements. If we can prevent the government from wasting the labor of the people under the pretense of caring for them, they (will) be happy."

Even though Thomas Jefferson and James Madison (later to be our 4th President, 1809-17) opposed the Bill, George Washington signed it into law on February 25, 1791. Alexander Hamilton became a very rich man. He and Aaron Burr helped establish the Manhattan Company in New York City, which developed into a very prosperous banking institution. It would later be controlled by the Warburg-Kuhn-Loeb interests, and in 1955 it merged with Rockefeller's Chase Bank to create the Chase Manhattan Bank.

The Second Bank of the United States (1816-32)

When Jefferson (1801-09) became President he opposed the bank as being unconstitutional and when the 20 year charter came up for renewal in 1811 it was denied. Nathan Rothschild, head of the family bank in England, had recognized America's potential and made loans to a few states, and in fact became the official European banker for the U.S. Government. Because he supported the Bank of the United States, he threatened:

"Either the application for renewal of the Charter is granted, or the United States will find itself in a most disastrous war."

He then ordered British troops to "teach these impudent Americans a lesson. Bring them back to Colonial status." This brought on the War of 1812, our second war with England, which facilitated the rechartering of the Bank of the United States. The war raised our national debt from $45 million to $127 million.

Jefferson wrote to James Monroe (who later served as our 5th President, 1817-25) in January, 1815: "The dominion which the banking institutions have obtained over the minds of our citizens ... must be broken, or it will break us." In 1816, Jefferson wrote to John Tyler (who became our 10th President, 1841-45):

"If the American people ever allow private banks to control the issuance of their currency, first by inflation, and then by deflation, the banks and the corporations that will grow up around them will deprive the people of all property until their children wake up homeless on the continent their father's conquered ... I believe that banking institutions are more dangerous to our liberties than standing armies ... The issuing power should be taken from the banks and restored to the Government, to whom it properly belongs."

On May 10, 1816, President James Madison signed the Bill which created the second Bank of the United States. Inflation, heavy debt, and the unavailability of an entity to collect taxes were some of the reasons given for its rechartering. The new charter allowed it to operate another 20 years, raised its capital stock to $35 million, authorized the creation of bank branches, and the issuing of notes with denominations no smaller than $5.00. The new bank now had the power "to control the entire fiscal structure of the country."

The bank was run by the Illuminati, through such international banker "front men" as John Jacob Astor, Stephen Girard, and David Parish (a Rothschild agent for the Vienna branch of the family). In 1819, the Bank was declared constitutional by Supreme Court Justice John Marshall (a Mason), who said that Congress had the implied power to create the Bank.

Andrew Jackson Kills the Bank (1828-36)

People began to see how much power the Bank really had, and the voter backlash led to the election of Andrew Jackson as President in 1828. His slogan was: "Let the people rule." Jackson maintained: "If Congress has the right under the Constitution to issue paper money, it was given them to be used by themselves, not to be delegated to individuals or to corporations." Jackson said that the control of a central bank "would be exercised by a few over the political conduct of the many by first acquiring that control over the labor and earnings of the great body of people."

During the 1828 presidential campaign, Jackson said in an address before a group of bankers: "You are a den of vipers. I intend to rout you out and by the Eternal God I will rout you out." He went on to say: "If the people only understood the rank injustice of our Money and Banking system, there would be a revolution before morning." Jackson said that if such a Bank would continue to control "our currency, receiving our public monies, and holding thousands of our citizens in dependence, it would be more formidable and dangerous than the naval and military power of the enemy..."

After fiscal mismanagement by its first President, former Secretary of the Navy, Captain William Jones, the Bank was forced to call in loans and foreclosed on mortgages which caused bankruptcy, a price collapse, unemployment and a depression. However, the Bank began to flourish under its new President, financier Nicholas Biddle (1786-1844), who petitioned the Congress for a renewal of the Bank's Charter in 1832 four years before its current charter expired. The Bill for the new Charter passed the Senate 28-20 and the House 107-85, and everyone knew how Jackson felt. Biddle threatened: "Should Jackson veto it, I shall veto him!"

Jackson did veto the Charter, and abolished the Bank in 1832. He ordered the Secretary of the Treasury to remove all Government deposits from U.S. Banks and deposit them in state banks. On January 8, 1835, Jackson paid off the final installment on our national debt and it was the only time in history that our national debt was reduced to zero and we were able to accumulate a surplus, $35 million of which was distributed to the States. Nicholas P. Trist, the President's personal secretary, said: "This is the crowning glory of A.J.'s life and the most important service he has ever rendered his country." The Boston Post compared it to Christ throwing the money-changers out of the Temple.

James K. Polk, the Speaker of the House (who later became the 11th President in 1845) said: "The Bank of the United States has set itself up as a great irresponsible rival power of the government." The Bank continued to operate until 1836 and it was used by Nicholas Biddle to wreak havoc upon the economy by reducing loans and increasing the quantity of money.

Jackson became the first President of the United States to be censured which was done in March, 1834 "for removing the government's deposits from the Bank of the United States without the express authorization of the United States Congress." It is quite obvious that he did it because of the "abuses and corruptions" of the Bank and the censure was later reversed by the Senate in 1837. The Bankers continued their attempts to revive the Bank; President John Tyler vetoed two bills in 1841 that would have rechartered the Bank of the United States.

Illuminati Involvement in the U.S. Civil War (1840-1865)

In 1837, the Rothschilds sent another one of their agents to America. His name was August Belmont (real name, August Schonberg, a cousin of the Seligman family of Frankfurt, Germany). In 1829, as a 15 year-old, he started working for the bank in Frankfurt and proved himself to be a financial genius. In 1832, he was promoted to the bank at Naples so that he could be fully integrated into international banking. He became fluent in English, French, and Italian. His mission was to stir up financial trouble within the Southern banks. He ran a bank in New York City and established himself as a leading figure in financial circles by buying government bonds and later became a financial advisor to the President.

In 1857, the Illuminati met in London to decide America's fate. They had to create an incident which would allow the establishment of a Central Bank and that had to be a war since wars are expensive and governments have to borrow to pay for them. Canada and Mexico weren't strong enough, as evidenced by Santa Anna's defeat in Texas the year before, England and France were too far away, and Russia wasn't under their control. So they decided to "divide and conquer" by fermenting a conflict between the North and the South. The North was to become a British Colony annexed to Canada and controlled by Lionel Rothschild while the South was to be given to Napoleon III of France and controlled by James Rothschild.

In order to begin a movement that would lead to the secession of the South from the Union the Illuminati used the Knights of the Golden Circle which had been formed in 1854 by George W.L. Bickley to spread racial tension from state to state using slavery as an issue. War-time members included Jefferson Davis, John Wilkes Booth and Jesse James (1847-1882, a Mason, who after stealing gold from banks and mining companies, buried nearly $7 billion of it all over the western states in hopes of funding a second Civil War). The Ku Klux Klan, formed in 1867, was the military arm of the Knights. The states which seceded united into the Confederate States of America which meant they maintained their independence and, if the South won, each state would be like an independent country.

Abraham Lincoln informed the people that "combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary machinery of peacetime government had assumed control of various Southern states." He had coastal ports blockaded to keep supplies from being shipped in from Europe.

The Rothschilds financed the North through emissaries August Belmont, Jay Cooke (who was commissioned to sell bond issues, arranging with Belmont to sell Union bonds in Europe), J. and W. Seligman and Co., and Speyer and Co.

Judah P. Benjamin (1811-84) of the law firm of Slidell, Benjamin and Conrad in Louisiana was a Rothschild agent who became Secretary of State for the Confederacy in 1862. His law partner John Slidell (August Belmont's wife's uncle) was the Confederate envoy to France. Slidell's daughter was married to Baron Frederick d'Erlanger in Frankfurt who was related to the Rothschilds and acted on their behalf. Slidell was the representative of the South who borrowed money from the d´Erlangers to finance the Confederacy.

Towards the end of 1861, England sent 8,000 troops to Canada and in 1862, English, French and Spanish troops landed at Vera Cruz, Mexico supposedly to collect on debts owed them by Mexico. In April 1861 the Russian Ambassador to America had advised his government: "England will take advantage of the first opportunity to recognize the seceded states and that France will follow her." On June 10, 1863 French General Elie-Frederic Forey with the help of 30,000 additional French troops took over Mexico City and controlled most of the country.

Through his representatives in Paris and London Czar Alexander II in Russia discovered that the Confederates had offered the states of Louisiana and Texas to Napoleon III [of France] if he would send his troops against the North. Russia had already indicated their support for Lincoln but wanted something more to send their large navy to defend the country. On January 1, 1863 as a gesture of goodwill Lincoln issued his Emancipation Proclamation to free the slaves just as the Czar had done with the serfs in 1861. On September 8, 1863 at the request of President Lincoln and Secretary of State William H. Seward Alexander sent the Russian fleet to San Francisco and New York and ordered them "to be ready to fight any power and to take their orders only from Abraham Lincoln."

Abraham Lincoln and the "Greenback" (1862-63)

Abraham Lincoln said:

"The privilege of creating and issuing money is not only the supreme prerogative of Government, but is the Government's greatest creative opportunity. By the adoption of these principles, the taxpayers will be saved immense sums of interest."

In February and March, 1862, and March 1863, Lincoln received Congressional approval to borrow $450 million from the people by selling them bonds, or "greenbacks", to pay for the Civil War. They were not redeemable until 1865 when three could be exchanged for one in silver. They were made full legal tender in 1879.

Thus, Lincoln solved America's monetary crisis without the help of the International Bankers. The London Times later said of Lincoln's greenbacks:

"If that mischievous financial policy which had its origin in the North America Republic during the late war in that country, should become indurated down to a fixture, then that Government will furnish its own money without cost. It will pay off its debts and be without debt.

It will become prosperous beyond precedent in the history of the civilized governments of the world. The brains and wealth of all countries will go to North America. That government must be destroyed or it will destroy every monarchy on the globe."

Bismarck, the German Chancellor, said in 1876 about Lincoln:

"He obtained from Congress the right to borrow from the people by selling to it the 'bonds' of States ... and the Government and the nation escaped the plots of the foreign financiers. They understood at once, that the United States would escape their grip. The death of Lincoln was resolved upon."

Before the Lincoln administration, private commercial banks were able to issue paper money called state bank notes but that ended with the National Banking Act of 1863 which prohibited the states from creating money. A forerunner of the Federal Reserve Act, it began the movement to abolish redeemable currency. A system of private banks was to receive charters from the federal government which would give them the authorization to issue National Bank Notes. This gave banks the power to control the finances and credit of the country and provided centralized banking under Federal control in times of war. The financial panic created by the International Bankers destroyed 172 State Banks, 177 private banks, 47 savings institutions, 13 loan and trust companies, and 16 mortgage companies.

Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the Treasury (1861-64) under Lincoln, publicly said that:

"[My role] in promoting the passage of the National Banking Act was the greatest financial mistake of my life. It has built up a monopoly which affects every interest in the country. It should be repealed, but before that can be accomplished, the people will be arrayed on one side and the bankers on the other, in a contest such as we have never seen before in this country."

Lincoln said:

"The money power preys upon the nation in times of peace and conspires against it in times of adversity. It is more despotic than monarchy, more insolent than autocracy, more selfish than bureaucracy. I see in the near future a crisis approaching that unnerves me and causes me to tremble for the safety of my country.

Corporations have been enthroned, an era of corruption in high places will follow, and the money power of the country will endeavor to prolong its reign by working upon the prejudices of the people until the wealth is aggregated in the hands of a few and the Republic is destroyed ... I feel at the moment more anxiety for the safety of my country than ever before, even in the midst of war."

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[Steve Gardner]

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The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln (1865)

On April 14, 1865 Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth and that same evening an unsuccessful attempt by his fellow conspirators was made on the life of [Secretary of State] Seward. In 1866, an attempt was made to assassinate Czar Alexander II and in 1881 the Czar was killed by an exploding bomb.

In John Wilkes Booth's trunk coded messages were found and the key to that code was found among the possessions of Judah Benjamin. Benjamin had fled to England, where he died. It was always known that Lincoln's death was the result of a massive conspiracy. However, nobody realized how deep and far reaching it was. In 1974, researchers found among the papers of Edwin M. Stanton, Lincoln's Secretary of War, letters describing the conspiracy cover-up that were written to Stanton or intercepted by him. They also found the 18 pages that were removed from Booth's diary which revealed the names of 70 people (some in code) who were directly or indirectly involved in Booth's original plan to kidnap Lincoln. Besides Stanton's involvement in the conspiracy, Charles A. Dana, Assistant Secretary of War (and member of the Illuminati), and Major Thomas Eckert, Chief of the War Department's Telegraph Office, were also involved.

Journals and coded papers by Colonel Lafayette C. Baker, Chief of the National Detective Police, detailed Lincoln 's kidnap and assassination conspiracy and subsequent cover-up. The plot included a group of Maryland farmers; a group of Confederates including Jefferson Davis (President of the Confederacy) and Judah Benjamin (the Confederate Secretary of War and Secretary of State); a group of Northern Banking and Industrial interests, including Jay Cooke (Philadelphia financier), Henry Cooke (Washington, D.C. banker), and Thurlow Weed (New York newspaper publisher); and a group of Radical Republicans who didn't want the south reunited with the North as states but wanted to control them as military territories and included Sen. Benjamin Wade of Ohio, Sen. Zechariah Chandler of Michigan, and Sen. John Conness of California.

All of these groups pooled their efforts and used actor John Wilkes Booth a Confederate patriot. The original plan called for the kidnapping of Lincoln, Vice-President Andrew Johnson, and Secretary of State Seward. The National Detective Police discovered their plans and informed Stanton. Planned for January 18, 1865, the kidnap attempt failed.

Captain James William Boyd, a secret agent for the Confederacy and a prisoner of war in the Old Capitol Prison, was used by the National Detective Police to report on the activities of the prisoners and to inform on crooked guards. He looked similar to Booth, and ironically had the same initials. Stanton had him released and Boyd took over the Northern end of the conspiracy which had been joined by the Police and the War Department. The [Northern group] wanted to kill Lincoln while Booth wanted to kidnap him and use him as leverage to get Confederate prisoners of war released.

Booth failed twice in March and then ended up shooting Lincoln at Ford's Theater [in April]. Boyd, warned that he could be implicated, planned to flee to Maryland. He was blamed for attacking Seward which he didn't. Boyd was the one who was shot at Garrett's farm, and identified as Booth. The Police and Stanton discovered that it was really Boyd, after it was announced to the nation that it was Booth. The only picture taken of Boyd's dead body was found in Stanton's collection. The body was taken by Col. Lafayette Baker to the old Arsenal Penitentiary where it was buried in an unknown place under the concrete floor.

Baker and detectives Luther and Andrew Potter knew the case wasn't closed and had to find Booth to keep him from talking. They followed his trail to New York, and later to Canada, England and India. He allegedly faked his death and returned to the United States where in Enid, Oklahoma he revealed his true identity on his deathbed. The mortician who was summoned instead of burying the corpse had it preserved and it is still in existence today.

Baker broke off relations with Stanton who was discharged from the Army and as head of the Secret Service in 1866. In 1867, in his book The History of the U.S. Secret Service, Baker admitted delivering Booth's diary to Stanton, and on another occasion testified that the diary was intact when it was in his possession. This means that Stanton did remove the pages to facilitate a cover-up because the pages were found in his collection. Col. Lafayette Baker who threatened to reveal the conspiracy was slowly poisoned till he died in 1868.

Andrew Johnson who became President [after Lincoln's death] issued the Amnesty Proclamation on May 29, 1865 to reunite the country. It stipulated that the South would not be responsible for the debt incurred, that all secession laws were to end, and that slavery was to be abolished. Needless to say, the Rothschilds who [had] heavily funded the South lost a lot of money. In addition, the cost of the support of the Russian fleet cost the country about $7.2 million. Johnson didn't have the constitutional authority to give money to a foreign government, so arrangements were made to purchase Alaska from the Russians in April, 1867. It was labeled as "Seward's Folly" because it appeared that Seward purchased what was then a worthless piece of land, when in fact it was compensation for the Russian Navy.

In August, 1867 Andrew Johnson failed in an attempt to remove Stanton from office, and impeachment proceedings were begun against him in February, 1868 by Stanton and the Radical Republicans. Johnson was charged with attempting to fire Stanton without Senate approval, for treason against Congress, and public language "indecent and unbecoming" as the nation's leader. Sen. Benjamin F. Wade, President pro tempore of the Senate and next in the line of Presidential succession, was so sure that Johnson would be impeached that he already had his Cabinet picked. Stanton was to be his Secretary of Treasury. The May 26th vote was 35-19, one short of the necessary two-thirds needed to impeach Johnson.

President James A. Garfield, our 20th President, also realized the danger posed by the bankers and said: "Whoever controls the money of a nation, controls that nation." He was assassinated in 1881, during the first year of his Presidency.

The Farmers Alliance and the People's Party (1877-1869)

In 1877, in Lampasas County, Texas, a group of farmers formed a group called the Knights of Reliance who were concerned about the financial power being "concentrated into the hands of a few." Later renamed the Farmers Alliance, it spread to 120 chapters throughout Texas and by 1887 the movement stretched up to the Dakotas and as far east as the Carolinas. By the time 1890 rolled around, this Populist philosophy had succeeded in establishing itself and they had elected governors and congressmen.

They advocated a progressive income tax; for railroads, communications, and corporations to be regulated by the Federal government; the right to establish labor unions; and government mediation to stabilize falling commodity prices and the initiation of credit programs. They were against the gold standard and the country's private banking system which was centered at Wall Street. They were impressed with Lincoln 's "greenbacks" because of the ability to adapt in order to meet the credit needs of the economy. They wanted the money supply to be controlled by their elected representatives and not the money interests of Wall Street. They created the People's Party and ran their own independent presidential candidate in 1892. In 1896 they hitched their wagon to the campaign of Democrat William Jennings Bryan who lost to William McKinley effectively ending the Populist movement. This political movement created the initial stirrings for what eventually became the Federal Reserve Act.

[Steve Gardner]

...System (1/2)

Jacob Schiff (1847-1920)

The end of the Civil War in 1865 ruined the Illuminati's chances to control our monetary system as they did in most European countries. So, the Rothschilds modified their plan for financial takeover. Instead of tearing down from the top, they were going to start at the bottom to disrupt the foundation of our monetary system. The instrument of this destruction was a young immigrant by the name of Jacob Schiff.

The Schiff family traced their lineage back to the fourteenth century and even claimed that King Solomon was an ancestor. Jacob Schiff was born in 1847 in Frankfurt, Germany. His father, Moses Schiff, a rabbi, was a successful stockbroker on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. In 1865 he came to America and in 1867 formed his own brokerage firm with Henry Budge and Leo Lehmann. After it failed, he went back to Germany and became manager of the Deutsche Bank in Hamburg where he met Moritz Warburg (1838-1910) and Abraham Kuhn, who had retired after helping to establish the firm of Kuhn and Loeb in New York.

Kuhn and Loeb were German Jews who had come to the United States in the late 1840's and pooled their resources during the 1850's to start a store in Lafayette, Indiana to serve settlers who were on their way to the West. They set up similar stores in Cincinnati and St. Louis. Later, they added pawnbroking and money lending to their business pursuits. In 1867, they established themselves as a well-known banking firm.

In 1873, at the age of 26, Jacob Schiff with the financial backing of the Rothschilds bought into the Kuhn and Loeb partnership in New York City. He became a full partner in 1875. He became a millionaire by financing railroads, developing a proficiency at railroad management that enabled him to enter into a partnership with Edward Henry Harriman to create the greatest single railroad fortune in the world. He married Solomon Loeb's oldest daughter, Theresa, and eventually bought out Kuhn's interest. For all intents and purposes he was the sole owner of what was now known as Kuhn, Loeb and Company. Sen. Robert L. Owen of Oklahoma indicated that Kuhn, Loeb and Company was a representative of the Rothschilds in the United States .

Although J.P. Morgan, the top American Rothschild representative, was the head of the American financial world, Schiff was rapidly becoming a major influence by distributing desirable European stock and bond issues during the Industrial Revolution. Besides Edward H. Harriman's railroad empire, he financed Standard Oil for John D. Rockefeller (1839-1937) and Andrew Carnegie's (1835-1919) steel empire. By the turn of the century Schiff was firmly entrenched in the banking community and ready to fulfill his role as the point man in the Illuminati's plan to control our economic system, weaken Christianity, create racial tension, and to recruit members to get them elected to Congress and appointed to various government agencies.

John Pierpont Morgan (1837-1913)

In 1636, Miles, John, and James Morgan landed in Massachusetts, leaving their father, William, to carry on the family business of harness-making in England. Joseph Morgan (J. P. Morgan's grandfather) [was] successful in real estate and business, supported the Bank of the United States. Junius Spencer Morgan (J. P. Morgan's father) was a partner in the Boston banking firm of J. M. Beebe, Morgan, and Co. and became a partner in London's George Peabody and Co., taking it over when Peabody died, becoming J. S. Morgan and Co.

John Pierpont Morgan, or as he was better known, J. P. Morgan, was born on April 17, 1837. He became his father's representative in New York in 1860. In 1862, he had his own firm, known as J. Pierpont Morgan and Co.. In 1863, he liquidated, and became a partner with Charles H. Dabney (who represented George Peabody and Co.), and established a firm known as Dabney, Morgan and Co. He later teamed up with Anthony J. Drexel (son of the founder of the most influential banking house in Philadelphia), in a firm known as Drexel, Morgan and Co. Morgan also became a partner in Drexel and Co. in Philadelphia.

In 1869, Morgan and Drexel met with the Rothschilds in London, and through the Northern Securities Corporation began consolidating the Rothschild's power and influence in the United States. Morgan continued the partnership that began when his father acted as a joint agent for the Rothschilds and the U.S. Government.

During the Civil War, J.P. Morgan had sold the Union Army defective carbine rifles, and it was this government money that helped build his Guaranty Trust Co. of New York. In 1880, he began financing and reorganizing the railroads. After his father died in 1890 and Drexel died in 1893, the Temporary National Economic Committee (TNEC) revealed that J. P. Morgan held only a 9.1% interest in his own firm. George Whitney owned 1.9%, and Henry P. Davison held 1.2%. However, the Charles W. Steele Estate held 36.6%, and Thomas W. Lamont (whose son, Corliss, was an active communist) had 34.2%. Researchers believe that the Illuminati controlled the company through these shares.

In 1901, J.P. Morgan bought out Andrew Carnegie's vast steel operation for $500,000,000 to merge the largest steel companies into one big company known as the United States Steel Corporation in which, for a time, the Rockefellers were major stockholders.

A speech by Senator Norris which was printed in the Congressional Record of November 30, 1941, said:

"J. P. Morgan, with the assistance and cooperation of a few of the interlocking corporations which reach all over the United States in their influence, controls every railroad in the United States. They control practically every public utility, they control literally thousands of corporations, they control all of the large insurance companies.

Mr. President, we are gradually reaching a time, if we have not already reached that point, when the business of the country is controlled by men who can be named on the fingers of one hand, because those men control the money of the Nation, and that control is growing at a rapid rate."

The House of Morgan grew larger in 1959, when the Guaranty Trust Co. of New York merged with the J. Pierpont Morgan and Co. to form the Morgan Guaranty Trust Co.. They had four branch offices, and foreign offices in London, Paris, Brussels, Frankfurt, Rome, and Tokyo. The firm of Morgan, Stanley and Co. was also under their control.

The Warburg Brothers

Paul Moritz Warburg (1868-1932) and his brother Felix (1871-1937) came to the United States from Frankfurt in 1902, buying into the partnership of Kuhn, Loeb and Co. with the financial backing of the Rothschilds. They had been trained at the family banking house, M.M. Warburg and Co. (run by their father Moritz M. Warburg (1838-1910), a Rothschild-allied bank in Frankfurt, Hamburg, and Amsterdam, which had been founded in 1798 by their great-grandfather. Paul (said to be worth over $2.5 million when he died) married Nina Loeb, the daughter of Solomon Loeb (the younger sister of Schiff's wife); while Felix, in March, 1895, married Frieda Schiff, the daughter of Jacob Schiff.

Their brother Max Warburg (1867-1946), a major financier of the Russian Revolution (who in his capacity as Chief of Intelligence in Germany 's Secret Service, helped Lenin cross Germany into Russia in a sealed train and later [helped] Hitler), ran the Hamburg bank until 1938 when the Nazis took over. The Nazis, who didn't want the Jews running the banks, changed its name to Brinckmann, Wirtz and Co. After World War II, a cousin, Eric Warburg, returned to head it and in 1970 its name was changed to M. M. Warburg, Brinckmann, Wirtz and Co.

Siegmund Warburg, Eric's brother, established the banking firm of S.G. Warburg and Co. in London, and by 1956 had taken over the Seligman Brothers Bank.

The Warburgs are another good example of how the Illuminati controls both sides of a war. While Paul Warburg's firm of Kuhn, Loeb and Co. (who had five representatives in the U.S. Treasury Department) was in charge of Liberty Loans which helped finance World War I for the United States, his brother Max financed Germany through M.M. Warburg and Co.

Paul and Felix were men with a mission sent here by the Rothschilds to lobby for the passing of a central banking law in Congress. Colonel Ely Garrison (the financial advisor to Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson) wrote in his book Roosevelt, Wilson, and the Federal Reserve Act:

"Mr. Paul Warburg is the man who got the Federal Reserve Act together after the Aldrich Plan aroused such nationwide resentment and opposition. The mastermind of both plans was Alfred Rothschild of London."

Professor E.R.A. Seligman, head of the Economics Department of Columbia University, wrote in the preface of one of Warburg's essays on central banking: "The Federal Reserve Act is the work of Mr. (Paul) Warburg more than any other man in the country."

The Push for a New Central Bank

It is interesting to note that the fifth plank in the 1848 Communist Manifesto had to do with central banking:

"5. Centralization of credit in the hands of the State, by means of a national bank with state capital and an exclusive monopoly."

In 1903, Paul Warburg gave Schiff a memo describing the application of the European central banking system to America 's monetary system. Schiff, in turn, gave it to James Stillman, President of the National City Bank in New York City. Warburg had graduated from the University of Hamburg in 1886 and studied English central banking methods while working in a London brokerage house. In 1891 he studied French banking methods and from 1892-93 traveled the world to study central banking applications. The bottom line was that he was the foremost authority in the world on central banking.

In 1906, Frank A. Vanderlip of the National City Bank convinced many of New York's banking establishment that they needed a banker-controlled central bank that could serve the nation's financial system. Up to that time, the House of Morgan had filled that role. Some of the people involved with Morgan were:

Walter Burns
Clinton Dawkins
Edward Grenfell
Willard Straight
Thomas W. Lamont
Dwight Morrow
Nelson Perkins
Russell Leffingwell
Elihu Root
John W. Davis
John Foster Dulles
S. Parker Gilbert
Paul D. Cravath

The financial panics of 1873, 1884, 1893, 1907, and later 1920, were initiated by Morgan with the intent of pushing for a much stronger banking system.

On January 6, 1907, the New York Times published an article by Paul Warburg called "Defects and Needs of Our Banking System," after which he became the leading exponent of monetary reform. That same year Jacob Schiff told the New York Chamber of Commerce that "unless we have a Central Bank with adequate control of credit resources, this country is going to undergo the most severe and far reaching money panic in history." When Morgan initiated the economic panic in 1907 by circulating rumors that the Knickerbocker Bank and Trust Co. of America was going broke, there was a run on the banks creating a financial crisis which began to solidify support for a central banking system. During this panic Warburg wrote an essay called "A Plan for a Modified Central Bank" which called for a Central Bank in which 50% would be owned by the government and 50% by the nation's banks. In a speech at Columbia University he quoted Abraham Lincoln who said in an 1860 Presidential campaign speech: "I believe in a United States Bank."

In 1908 Schiff laid out the final plans to seize the American monetary system. 'Colonel' (an honorary title) Edward Mandell House (1858-1938), the son of British financier Thomas W. House a Rothschild agent who made his fortune by supplying the south with supplies from France and England during the Civil War, was Schiff's chief representative and courier. [Along with House], Bernard Baruch (1870-1965) whose stock market speculating made him a multi-millionaire by the early 1900's and whose foreign and domestic policy expertise led Presidents from Wilson to Kennedy to seek his advice, were relied on heavily by Schiff to carry out his plans. Herbert Lehman was also a close aide to Schiff.

President Woodrow Wilson wrote about House (published in The Intimate Papers of Col. House):

"Mr. House is my second personality. He is my independent self. His thoughts and mine are one. If I were in his place, I would do just as he suggested ... If anyone thinks he is reflecting my opinion, by whatever action he takes, they are welcome to the conclusion."

George Sylvester Viereck wrote in The Strangest Friendship in History: Woodrow Wilson and Colonel House: "When the Federal Reserve legislation at last assumed definite shape, House was the intermediary between the White House and the financiers."

Jacob Schiff who was known as the "unseen guardian angel" of the Federal Reserve Act said that the U.S. Constitution was the product of 18th century minds, was outdated, and should be "scrapped and rewritten."

In 1908 Sen. Nelson W. Aldrich (father-in-law of John D. Rockefeller, Jr. and grandfather of Nelson and David Rockefeller) proposed a bill in which banks, in an emergency situation, would issue currency backed by federal, state, and local government bonds, and railroad bonds, which would be equal to 75% of the cash value of the bonds. It was harshly criticized because it didn't provide a monetary system that would respond to the seasonal demand and fluctuate with the volume of trade. Aldrich was the most powerful man in Congress and the Illuminati's head man in the Senate. A member of Congress for 40 years, 36 of them in the Senate, he was Chairman of the powerful Senate Finance Committee.

In the House of Representatives, Rep. E. B. Vreeland of New York proposed the Vreeland Bill. After making some compromises with Aldrich and Speaker of the House Joseph Cannon at a meeting in a hotel room at the Arlington House his bill became known as the Vreeland Substitute. It called for the acceptance of asset currency but only in cases of emergency, and the currency would be based on commercial paper rather than bonds. It passed in the House 184 to 145; but when it got to the Senate, Aldrich moved against it and pushed for further compromises.

The Aldrich-Vreeland Bill, called the "Emergency Currency Act", was passed on May 30, 1908 and led to the creation of the National Monetary Commission which was made up of members of Congress. Now, any monetary legislation sent to Congress would have to go through this group first. Aldrich was appointed as head of the Commission and from 1908 to 1910 at a cost of $300,000, this 16-man committee traveled around Europe to study the central banking system.

The Bill approved by the National Monetary Commission was known as the Aldrich Bill, and formed the legislative base for the Federal Reserve Act. It was introduced as an amendment to the Republican sponsored Payne-Aldrich Tariff Bill, in order to have Republican support. It was based on Warburg's plan, except it would only have 15 districts; half of the directors on the district level would be chosen by the banks, a third by the stockholders, and a sixth by the other directors. On the National Board: two chosen by each district; nine chosen by the stockholders; and seven ex-officio members to be the Governor, Chairman of the Board, two Deputy Governors, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of Commerce and Labor, Secretary of Agriculture, and Comptroller of the Currency. Most people were against the Bill because it finally identified the banking institution as a central bank, and the Democratic Party opposed it in the 1912 Party platform.

In 1910, Warburg gave a speech entitled "A United Reserve Bank of the United States" which called for a United Reserve Bank to be located in Washington, D.C. having the capital of $100 million. The country would be divided into 20 districts and the system would be controlled by a Board of Directors which would be chosen by the banking associations, the stockholders, and the government. Warburg said that the U.S. monetary system wasn't flexible and it was unable to compensate for the rise and fall of business demand. As an example, he said, that when wheat was harvested and merchants didn't have the cash on hand to buy and store a large supply of grain, the farmers would sell the grain for whatever they could get. This would cause the price of wheat to greatly fluctuate forcing the farmer to take a loss. Warburg called for the development of commercial paper (paper money) to circulate as currency which would be issued in standard denominations of uniform sizes. They would be declared by law to be legal tender for the payment of debts and taxes.

President Theodore Roosevelt said, concerning the criticism of finding capable men to head the formation of a central bank: "Why not give Mr. (Paul) Warburg the job? He would be the financial boss, and I would be the political boss, and we could run the country together."

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[Steve Gardner]

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The Jekyll Island Conference (1910)

After a conference was held at Columbia University on November 12, 1910, the National Monetary Commission published their plan in the December, 1910 issue of their Journal of Political Economy in an article called "Bank Notes and Lending Power." On November 22, 1910, Aldrich called a meeting of the banking establishment and members of the National Monetary Commission, which was proposed by Henry P. Davison (a partner of J. P. Morgan). Aldrich said that he intended to keep them isolated until they had developed a "scientific currency for the United States ."

All those summoned to the secret meeting, were members of the Illuminati. They met on a railroad platform in Hoboken, New Jersey, where they chartered a private railroad car owned by Aldrich to Georgia. They were taken by boat, to Jekyll Island, off the coast of Brunswick, Georgia.

Jekyll Island is in a group of ten islands, including St. Simons, Tybee, Cumberland, Wassau, Wolf, Blackbeard, Sapelo, Ossabow, and Sea Islands. Jekyll Island was a "hideaway resort of the rich," purchased in 1888 by J.P. Morgan, Henry Goodyear, Joseph Pulitzer, Edwin and George Gould, Cyrus McCormick, William Rockefeller (John D. Rockefeller's brother), William K. Vanderbilt, and George F. Baker (who founded Harvard Business School with a gift of $5 million) for $125,000 from Eugene du Bignon, whose family owned it for a century. Up until the time it was converted into a public resort, no uninvited foot ever stepped on its shores. It was said, that when all 100 members of the Jekyll Island Hunting Club sat down for dinner at the clubhouse, it represented a sixth of the world's wealth. St. Simons Island, a short distance away to the north was also owned by Illuminati interests. [Note that the 2004 "G8" global economic summit was held on Sea Island --ed]

Those attending the meeting at the private hunting lodge were said to be on a duck-hunting expedition. They were sworn to secrecy, even addressing each other by code names or just by their first names. Details are very sketchy, concerning who attended the meeting, but most scenarios agree that the following people were present:

Sen. Nelson Aldrich
Frank A. Vanderlip (Vice-President of the Rockefeller owned National City Bank)
Henry P. Davison (of J. P. Morgan and Co.)
Abram Piatt Andrew (Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, an Assistant Professor at Harvard, and Special Assistant to the National Monetary Commission during their European tour)
Paul Moritz Warburg (of Kuhn, Loeb and Co.)
Benjamin Strong (Vice-President of Morgan's Bankers Trust Co.)
Eugene Meyer (a former partner of Bernard Baruch, and the son of a partner in the Rothschild-owned Lazard Freres, who was the head of the War Finances Corporation, and later gained control of the Washington Post)
J.P. Morgan
John D. Rockefeller
Col. House
Jacob Schiff (of Kuhn, Loeb and Co.)
Herbert Lehman (of Lehman Brothers)
Bernard Baruch (appointed by President Wilson to be the Chairman of the War Industries Board, which gave him control of all domestic contacts for Allied war materials [during WW1], which enabled him to make $200 million for himself while working for the government)
Joseph Seligman (a leading Jewish financier, who founded J. & W. Seligman and Co., who had helped to float bonds during the Civil War, and were known as "World Bankers," then later declined President Grant's offer to serve as the Secretary of Treasury)
Charles D. Norton (President of the First National Bank of New York).

About ten days later, they emerged with the groundwork for a central banking system in the form of not one, but two versions to confuse the opposition. The final draft was written by Frank Vanderlip from Warburg's notes and was incorporated into Aldrich's Bill in the form of a completed Monetary Commission report which Aldrich railroaded through Congress by avoiding the term "central bank." No information was available on this meeting until 1933 when the book The Federal Reserve Act: It's Origins and Problems by James L. Laughlin appeared, [along with] other information which was supplied by B. C. Forbes, the editor of Forbes Magazine. In 1935, Frank Vanderlip wrote in the Saturday Evening Post: "I do not feel it is any exaggeration to speak of our secret expedition to Jekyll Island as the occasion of the actual conception of what eventually became the Federal Reserve System."

The banker-initiated mini-depressions, the last of which had occurred in 1907, helped get Congressional support for the Bill, and on May 11, 1911 the "National Citizens League for the Promotion of a Sound Banking System", an Illuminati front-organization, publicly announced their support for Aldrich's Bill. However, the Aldrich Bill was destined for failure because he was so closely identified with J.P. Morgan. So, the Illuminati went to "Plan B" which was the second version hammered out at the Jekyll Island summit. The National Citizens League publicly withdrew their support of the Aldrich Bill and the move was on to disguise it so that it could get through Congress. Once the new version was ready they were a little apprehensive about introducing it in Congress because even if it [were] passed by Congress, President Taft would veto it, so they had to wait until they could get their own man elected. That man was Woodrow Wilson.

The Election of Woodrow Wilson (1912)

The Democrats, with the exception of Grover Cleveland's election, had been out of power since 1869. Being a "hungry" Party, the Illuminati found them easier to infiltrate. During the late 1800's, they began the process of changing the Democrats from conservative to liberal, and the Republicans from liberal to conservative.

Woodrow Wilson graduated from Princeton University in 1879, studied law at the University of Virginia, and received his doctorate degree from Johns Hopkins in 1886. He taught Political Science and History at Bryn Mawr and Wesleyan, and in 1902 became President of Princeton. Because of his support of Aldrich's Bill when it was first announced he was supported by the Illuminati in his successful bid as Governor of New Jersey in 1910. The deal was made through Vanderlip agents William Rockefeller and James Stillman at Vanderlip's West Chester estate. The liaison between the Illuminati and Wilson would be his prospective son-in-law, William G. McAdoo.

Rabbi Stephen Wise, a leading Jewish activist, told an audience at the Y.M.C.A. in Trenton, New Jersey:

"On Tuesday the President of Princeton University will be elected Governor of your state. He will not complete his term of office as Governor. In November, 1912, he will be elected President of the United States. In March, 1917, he will be inaugurated for the second time as President. He will be one of the greatest Presidents in American history."

Wise, who made this prophetic statement in 1910, later became a close advisor to Wilson. He had good reason to believe what he said because the deal had already been struck. Wilson wasn't viewed as being pro-banking and the Democratic Party Platform opposed a Central Bank which was now linked to the Republicans and the bankers.

The main problem for the Democrats was the Republican voting edge and their lack of money. After the Illuminati made the decision to support Wilson, money was no problem. Records showed that the biggest contributors to Wilson's campaign were:

Jacob Schiff
Bernard Baruch
Henry Morgenthau, Sr.
Thomas Fortune. Ryan (mining magnate)
Samuel Untermyer
Cleveland H. Dodge (of the National City Bank)
Col. George B.M. Harvey (an associate of J. P. Morgan, editor of the Morgan-controlled Harper's Weekly, and President of the Harper and Brothers publishing firm)
William Laffan (editor of the New York Sun)
Adolph Ochs (publisher of the New York Times)

and the financiers that owned the New York Times:

Charles R. Flint
Gen. Sam Thomas
J.P. Morgan
August Belmont

All of these men were also Illuminati members.

The problem of the voter registration edge was a bit more difficult but that was a project that the Illuminati had already been working on. The Russian pogroms of 1881 and 1882 in which thousands of Russians were killed and religious persecution and anti-Semitism in Poland, Romania, and Bulgaria in the early 1890's began three decades of immigration into the United States by thousands of Jews. By the turn of the century, a half-million Jews had arrived to the port cities of New York, Baltimore, and Boston. It was the Democrats who initiated a program to get them registered to vote.

Humanitarian committees were set up by Jacob Schiff and the Rothschilds such as the Hebrew Immigration Aid Society and the B'nai B'rith so when the Jews arrived they were made naturalized citizens, registered Democrat, then shuffled off to other large cities such as Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit and Los Angeles, where they were given financial help to find a place to live, food, and clothing. This is how the Jews became a solid Democratic voting bloc and it was these votes that would be needed to elect Wilson to the Presidency.

In 1912, with President William Howard Taft running for re-election against Wilson, the Illuminati needed some insurance. They got it by urging another Republican, former President Theodore Roosevelt (1901-09), to run on the Progressive Party ticket. Taft had served as Roosevelt 's Secretary of War (1905-09) and was chosen by Roosevelt to succeed him as President. Now, Roosevelt was running again. Advocating the "New Nationalism," Roosevelt said: "My hat is in the ring ... the fight is on and I am stripped to the buff." Identified as "anti-business" because of his stand against corporations and trusts, his proposals for reorganizing the government were attacked by the Illuminati-controlled New York Times as "super-socialism." His "Bull Moose" Platform said: "We are opposed to the so-called Aldrich Currency Bill because its provisions would place our currency and credit system in private hands, not subject to effective public control." Frank Munsey and George Perkins, of the J.P. Morgan and Co. organized, ran, and financed Roosevelt's campaign.

(A recent example of the same plan that pulled votes away from Taft in order to get Wilson elected, occurred in the 1992 Presidential election. In a 1994 interview, Barbara Bush told ABC-TV news correspondent Barbara Walters, that the third-party candidacy of independent H. Ross Perot was the reason that Bill Clinton was able to defeat the re-election bid of President George Bush.)

The Illuminati was able to get the support of perennial Democratic Presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan by letting him write the plank of the Party Platform which opposed the Aldrich Bill. Remember, the second version of the Bill prepared at Jekyll Island was to be an alternative, so public attention was turned against the Aldrich Bill. Wilson, an aristocrat having socialistic views, was in favor of an independent reserve system because he didn't trust the "common men" which made up Congress. However, publicly he promised to "free the poor people of America from control by the rich" and to have a money system that wouldn't be under the control of Wall Street's International Bankers. In fact, in the summer of 1912 when he accepted the nomination as the Democratic candidate for the Presidency, he said: "A concentration of the control of credit ... may at any time become infinitely dangerous to free enterprise." According to the Federal Reserve's historical narrative, the shift in Wilson's point of view was "a combination of political realities and his own lack of knowledge about banking and finance (and) after his election to the Presidency, Wilson relied on others for more expert advice on the currency question."

Presidential Election Results (1912)

• DEMOCRAT (Wilson) 435 electoral votes 6,286,214 popular votes
  
• PROGRESSIVE (Roosevelt) 88 electoral votes 4,126,020 popular votes
  
• REPUBLICAN (Taft) 8 electoral votes 3,483,922 popular votes

Because of the voting split in the Republican Party, not only was Woodrow Wilson able to win the Presidency, but the Democrats gained control of both houses in Congress.

Passage of the Federal Reserve Act (1913)

Rep. Carter Glass of Virginia, Chairman of the Banking and Currency Committee, met with Wilson after his election along with H. Parker Willis (who was Dean of Political Science at George Washington University) of the National Citizens League to prepare a Bill, known as the Glass Bill, which began taking form in January, 1913. Now 'Plan B' was set into motion. Remember, the National Citizens League, headquartered in Chicago, had already announced their opposition to the Aldrich Bill. Now the Wall Street banking interests had come out against the Glass Bill, which was actually the Aldrich Bill in disguise.

The Wall Street crowd was generally referred to as the "money trust." However, a 1912 Wall Street Journal editorial said that the term "money trust" was just a reference to J.P. Morgan. The suspicion of the "money trust" peaked in 1912 during an investigation by a House banking subcommittee which revealed that twelve banks in New York, Boston, and Chicago, had 746 interlocking directorships in 134 corporations. Rep. Robert L. Henry of Texas said that for the past five years, the nation's financial resources had been "concentrated in the city of New York (where they) now dominate more than 75 percent of the moneyed interests of America ..." On December 13, 1911, George McC. Reynolds, the President of the Continental and Commercial Bank of Chicago, said to a group of other bankers: "I believe the money power now lies in the hands of a dozen men..." The threat from this powerful private banking system was [supposedly] to be ended with the establishment of a central bank.

To avoid the mention of central banking, Wilson himself suggested that the regional banks be called "Federal Reserve Banks," and proposed a special session of the 63rd Congress to be convened to vote on the Federal Reserve Act. On June 23, 1913, he addressed the Congress on the subject of the Federal Reserve, threatening to keep them in session until they passed it. Wilson got William Jennings Bryan's support by making him Secretary of State, and in October, 1913, Bryan said he would assist the President in "securing the passage of the Bill at the earliest possible moment."

The Glass Bill (H.R. 7837) was introduced in the House of Representatives on June 26, 1913. The revision mentioned nothing about central banking, which was what the people feared. It was believed that Willis had written the Bill, but it was later discovered that Professor James L. Laughlin at the Political Science Department of Columbia University had written it, taking special precaution not to clash with the Bryan plank of the Democratic Party Platform. It was referred to the Banking and Currency Committee, reported back to the House on September 9th, and passed on September 18th.

Sen. Robert Latham Owen of Oklahoma, Chairman of the Senate Banking and Finance Committee, along with five of his colleagues drafted a Bill which was more open-minded to the suggestions of the bankers. A Bill drafted by Sen. Gilbert M. Hitchcock, a Democrat from Nebraska, called for the elimination of the "lawful money" provision and stipulated that note redemption must be made in gold. It also provided for public ownership of the regional reserve banks which would be controlled by the government.

In the Senate, the Glass Bill was referred to the Senate Banking Committee and reported back to the Senate on November 22, 1913. The Bill was now known as the Glass-Owen Bill. Sen. Owen, who opposed the Aldrich Bill, made some additional revisions in an attempt to keep [the bankers] from completely dominating our monetary system. Sen. Elihu Root of New York criticized some of these revisions and some points were modified. It was passed by the Senate on December 19th.

Since different versions had been passed by both Houses, a Conference Committee was established which was stacked with six Democrats and only two Republicans to insure that certain portions of the original Bill would remain intact. It was hastily prepared without any public hearings and on December 23, 1913, two days before Christmas when many Congressmen and three particular Senators were away from Washington, the Bill was sent to the House of Representatives where it passed 298 to 60 and [was] then sent to the Senate where it passed with a vote of 43 to 25 (with 27 absent or abstaining). An hour after the Senate vote, Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act into law and the Illuminati had taken control of the American economy. The gold and silver in the nation's vaults were now owned by the Federal Reserve. Baron Alfred Charles Rothschild (1842-1918), who [had] masterminded the entire scheme, then made plans to further weaken our country's financial structure.

Although Woodrow Wilson and Rep. Carter Glass were given the credit for getting the Federal Reserve Act through Congress, William Jennings Bryan played a major role in gaining support to pass it. Bryan later wrote: "That is the one thing in my public career that I regret: my work to secure the enactment of the Federal Reserve Law." Rep. Glass would later write: "I had never thought the Federal Bank System would prove such a failure. The country is in a state of irretrievable bankruptcy."

Eustace Mullins, in his book The Federal Reserve Conspiracy, wrote:

"The money and credit resources of the United States were now in complete control of the banker's alliance between J. P. Morgan's First National Bank, and Kuhn & Loeb's National City Bank, whose principal loyalties were to the international banking interests, then quartered in London, and which moved to New York during the First World War."

The Reserve Bank Organization Committee, controlled by Secretary of the Treasury William Gibbs McAdoo and Secretary of Agriculture David F. Houston (who along with Glass, later became Treasury Secretaries under Wilson), was given $100,000 to find locations for the regional Reserve Banks. With over 200 cities requesting this status, hearings were held in 18 cities as they traveled the country in a special railroad car. On October 25, 1914, the formal establishment of the Federal Reserve System was announced and it began operating in 1915.

[Steve Gardner]

...Begins Operation

The "Fed" Begins Operation

Col. House, who Wilson called his "alter ego," because he was his closest friend and most trusted advisor, anonymously wrote a novel in 1912 called Philip Dru: Administrator, which revealed the manner in which Wilson was controlled. House, who lobbied for the implementation of central banking, would now turn his attention towards a graduated income tax. Incidentally, a central bank providing inflatable currency and a graduated income tax were two of the ten points in the Communist Manifesto for socializing a country.

It was House who hand-picked the first Federal Reserve Board. He named Benjamin Strong as its first Chairman. In 1914, Paul M. Warburg quit his $500,000 a year job at Kuhn, Loeb and Co. to be on the Board, later resigning in 1918 during World War I because of his German connections.

The Banking Act of 1935 amended the Federal Reserve Act, changing its name to the Federal Reserve System, and reorganizing it in respect to the number of directors and length of term. Headed by a seven member Board of Governors appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate for a 14 year term, the Board acts as an overseer to the nation's money supply and banking system.

The Board of Governors, the President of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and four other Reserve Bank Presidents who serve on a rotating basis make up the "Federal Open Market Committee". This group decides whether or not to buy and sell government securities on the open market. The Government buys and sells government securities, mostly through 21 Wall Street bond dealers, to create reserves to make the money needed to run the government. The Committee also determines the supply of money available to the nation's banks and consumers.

There are twelve Federal Reserve Banks in twelve districts: Boston (MA), Cleveland (OH), New York (NY), Philadelphia (PA), Richmond (VA), Atlanta (GA), Chicago (IL), St. Louis (MO), Minneapolis (MN), Kansas City (KS), San Francisco (CA), and Dallas (TX). The twelve regional banks were set up so that the people wouldn't think that the Federal Reserve was controlled from New York. Each of the Banks has nine men on [its] Board of Directors; six are elected by member Banks, and three are appointed by the Board of Governors.

They have 25 branch Banks, and many member Banks. All Federal Banks are members and four out of every ten commercial banks are members. In whole, the Federal Reserve System controls about 70% of the country's bank deposits. Ohio Senator, Warren G. Harding, who was elected to the Presidency in 1920, said in a 1921 Congressional inquiry that the Reserve was a private banking monopoly. He said: "The Federal Reserve Bank is an institution owned by the stockholding member banks. The Government has not a dollar's worth of stock in it." His term was cut short in 1923 when he mysteriously died, leading to rumors that he was poisoned. This claim was never substantiated because his wife would not allow an autopsy.

Three years after the initiation of the Federal Reserve, Woodrow Wilson said:

"The growth of the nation ... and all our activities are in the hands of a few men ... We have come to be one of the worst ruled; one of the most completely controlled and dominated governments in the civilized world ... no longer a government of free opinion, no longer a government by conviction and the free vote of the majority, but a government by the opinion and duress of a small group of dominant men."

In 1919, John Maynard Keynes, later an advisor to Franklin D. Roosevelt, wrote in his book The Economic Consequences of Peace:

"Lenin is to have declared that the best way to destroy the capitalist system was to debauch the currency ... By a continuing process of inflation, governments can confiscate secretly and unobserved, an important part of the wealth of their citizens ... As the inflation proceeds and the real value of the currency fluctuates wildly from month to month, all permanent relations between debtors and creditors, which form the ultimate foundation of capitalism, become so utterly disordered as to be almost meaningless..."

Congressman Charles August Lindbergh, Sr., father of the historic aviator, said on the floor of the Congress:

"This Act establishes the most gigantic trust on Earth ... When the President signs this Act, the invisible government by the Money Power, proven to exist by the Money Trust investigation, will be legalized ... This is the Aldrich Bill in disguise ... The new law will create inflation whenever the Trusts want inflation ... From now on, depressions will be scientifically created ... The worst legislative crime of the ages is perpetrated by this banking and currency bill."

Lindbergh supposedly paid for his opposition to the Illuminati. When there appeared to be growing support for his son Charles to run for the Presidency, his grandson was kidnapped and apparently killed. [Charles also supported an "America First" policy --ed]

Rep. Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr. said of the Bill (Congressional Record, June 10, 1932):

"The Bill as it stands, seems to me to open the way to vast expansion of the currency ... I do not like to think that any law can be passed which will make it possible to submerge the gold standard in a flood of irredeemable paper currency."

On December 15, 1931, Rep. Louis T. McFadden, who for more than ten years served as Chairman of the Banking and Currency Committee in the House of Representatives, said:

"The Federal Reserve Board and banks are the duly appointed agents of the foreign central banks of issue and they are more concerned with their foreign customers than they are with the people of the United States. The only thing that is American about the Federal Reserve Board and banks is the money they use..."

On June 10, 1932, Louis T. McFadden, said in an address to the Congress:

"We have in this country one of the most corrupt institutions the world has ever known. I refer to the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve Banks ... Some people think the Federal Reserve Banks are United States Government institutions. They are not Government institutions. They are private credit monopolies which prey upon the people of the United States for the benefit of themselves and their foreign customers ... The Federal Reserve Banks are the agents of the foreign central banks ... In that dark crew of financial pirates, there are those who would cut a man's throat to get a dollar out of his pocket ...

Every effort has been made by the Federal Reserve Board to conceal its powers, but the truth is the Fed has usurped the government. It controls everything here (in Congress) and controls all our foreign relations. It makes and breaks governments at will ... When the Fed was passed, the people of the United States did not perceive that a world system was being set up here ... A super-state controlled by international bankers, and international industrialists acting together to enslave the world for their own pleasure!"

On May 23, 1933, Louis T. McFadden brought impeachment charges against the members of the Federal Reserve:

"Whereas I charge them jointly and severally with having brought about a repudiation of the national currency of the United States in order that the gold value of said currency might be given to private interests...

I charge them ... with having arbitrarily and unlawfully taken over $80,000,000,000 from the United States Government in the year 1928...

I charge them ... with having arbitrarily and unlawfully raised and lowered the rates on money ... increased and diminished the volume of currency in circulation for the benefit of private interests...

I charge them ... with having brought about the decline of prices on the New York Stock Exchange...

I charge them ... with having conspired to transfer to foreigners and international money lenders, title to and control of the financial resources of the United States ...

I charge them ... with having published false and misleading propaganda intended to deceive the American people and to cause the United States to lose its independence...

I charge them ... with the crime of having treasonably conspired and acted against the peace and security of the United States, and with having treasonably conspired to destroy the constitutional government of the United States ."

In 1933, Vice-President John Garner, when referring to the international bankers, said: "You see, gentlemen, who owns the United States ."

Sen. Barry Goldwater wrote in his book With No Apologies:

"Does it not seem strange to you that these men just happened to be CFR (Council on Foreign Relations) and just happened to be on the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve, that absolutely controls the money and interest rates of this great country. A privately owned organization ... which has absolutely nothing to do with the United States of America !"

Plain and simple, the Federal Reserve is not part of the Federal Government. It is a privately held corporation owned by stockholders. That is why the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (and all the others) is listed in the Dun and Bradstreet Reference Book of American Business (Northeast, Region 1, Manhattan/Bronx). According to Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution, only Congress has the right to issue money and regulate its value, so it is illegal for private interests to do so. Yet, it happened, and because of a provision in the Act, the 'Class A' stockholders were to be kept a secret and not to be revealed. R. F. McMaster, who published a newsletter called The Reaper, through his Swiss and Saudi Arabian contacts, was able to find out which banks held a controlling interest in the Reserve.
These interests control the Federal Reserve through about 300 stockholders:

Rothschild Banks of London and Berlin
Lazard Brothers Bank of Paris
Israel Moses Seif Bank of Italy
Warburg Bank of Hamburg and Amsterdam
Lehman Brothers Bank of New York
Kuhn, Loeb and Co. of New York
Chase Manhattan Bank of New York
Goldman, Sachs of New York

Because of the way the Reserve was organized, whoever controls the Federal Reserve Bank of New York controls the system, About 90 of the 100 largest banks are in this district.

Of the reportedly 203,053 shares of the New York bank:
Rockefeller's National City Bank had 30,000 shares
Morgan's First National Bank had 15,000 shares
Chase National Bank had 6,000 shares
National Bank of Commerce (Morgan Guaranty Trust) had 21,000 shares.

A June 15, 1978 Senate Report called "Interlocking Directorates Among the Major U.S. Corporations" revealed that five New York banks had 470 interlocking directorates with 130 major U.S. corporations:

Citicorp (97)
J.P. Morgan Co. (99)
Chase Manhattan (89)
Manufacturers Hanover (89)
Chemical Bank (96)

According to Eustace Mullins, these banks are major stock holders in the Fed. In his book World Order, he said that these five banks are "controlled from London". Mullins said:

"Besides its controlling interest in the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, the Rothschilds had developed important financial interests in other parts of the United States ... The entire Rockefeller empire was financed by the Rothschilds."

A May, 1976 report of the House Banking and Currency Committee indicated: "The Rothschild banks are affiliated with Manufacturers Hanover of London in which they hold 20 percent ... and Manufacturers Hanover Trust of New York". The Report also revealed that Rothschild Intercontinental Bank, Ltd., which consisted of Rothschild banks in London, France, Belgium, New York, and Amsterdam, had three American subsidiaries: National City Bank of Cleveland, First City National Bank of Houston, and Seattle First National Bank. It is believed that the Rothschilds hold 53% of the stock of the U.S. Federal Reserve. Each year, billions of dollars are "earned" by Class A stockholders from U.S. tax dollars which go to the Fed to pay interest on bank loans.

How U.S. Gold Reserves Were Stolen

The Coinage Act of 1792 established a dollar consisting of 371.25 grains of pure silver, but was later replaced with a gold dollar consisting of 25.8 grains of gold. In 1873, the Coinage Act was passed, prohibiting the use of Silver as a form of currency, because the quantity being discovered was driving the value down. In 1875, after temporarily suspending gold convertibility during the Civil War "greenback" period, the U.S. was put more firmly on the gold standard by the Gold Standard Act of 1900. From 1900 to 1933, gold was coined by the U.S. Mint, and our paper currency was tied into the amount of gold held in the U.S. Treasury reserves.

In July, 1927, the directors of the Bank of England [Montagu Norman], the New York Federal Reserve Bank [Benjamin Strong], and the German Reichsbank [Hjalmar Schacht], met to plan a way to get the gold moved out of the United States, and it was this movement of gold which helped trigger the depression. By 1928, nearly $500 million in gold was transferred to Europe.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt accepted the advice of England 's leading economist, John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946), a member of the Illuminati [also a socialist and a homosexual --ed], who said that deficit spending would be a shot in the arm to the economy. Most of the New Deal spending programs to fight economic depression, were based on Keynes theories on deficit spending, and financed by borrowing against future taxes. In 1910, Lenin said: "The surest way to overthrow an established social order is to debauch its currency." Nine years later, Keynes wrote:

"Lenin was certainly right, there is no more positive, or subtler, no surer means of overturning the existing basis of society than to debauch the currency ... The process engages all of the hidden forces of economic law on the side of destruction, and does it in a manner that not one man in a million is able to diagnose."

A Presidential Executive Order by Roosevelt on April 5, 1933, required all the people to exchange their gold coins, gold bullion, and gold-backed currency for money that was not redeemable in precious metals. The Gold Reserve Act of 1934, known as the Thomas Amendment which amended the Act of May 12, 1933, made it illegal to possess any gold currency (which was [finally] rescinded December 31, 1974). Gold coinage was withdrawn from circulation and kept in the form of bullion. Just as the public was to return all their gold to the U.S. Government, so was the Federal Reserve. However, while the people received $20.67 per ounce in paper money issued by the Federal Reserve, the Reserve was paid in Gold Certificates. Now the Federal Reserve and the Illuminati had control of all the gold in the country.

In 1934, the value of gold [was increased by FDR] to $35 an ounce, which produced a $3 billion profit for the Government. But when the price of gold increases, the value of the dollar decreases. Our dollar has not been worth 100 cents since 1933, when we were taken off of the Gold Standard. In 1974, our dollar was worth 38 cents, and in 1983 it was only worth 22 cents. In 2002, it took $13.88 to buy what cost $1.00 in 1933. Since our money supply had been limited to the amount of gold in Treasury reserves, when the value of the dollar decreased, more money was printed.

The Bretton Woods Monetary Conference (1944)

The first United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, held in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, from July 1 to July 22, 1944, which was under the direction of Harry Dexter White (CFR member, and undercover Russian spy), established the policies of the International Monetary Fund. Its goals were to strip the United States of its gold reserves by giving it to other nations, and to merge with their industrial capabilities as well as their economic, social, educational and religious policies to facilitate a one-world government.

Because of paying off foreign obligations and strengthening foreign economies, between 1958 and 1968, the amount of gold bullion in the possession of the U.S. Treasury dropped by 52%. Of the amount remaining, $12 billion was reserved by law for backing the paper money in circulation. Our money had been backed by a 25% gold reserve in accordance to a law that was passed in 1945, but it was rescinded in 1968. The amount of gold slipped from 653.1 million troy ounces in 1957, to 311.2 million ounces in 1968, which according to the Treasury Department, was due to sales to foreign banking institutions, sales to domestic producers, and the buying and selling of gold on the world market to stabilize prices. This was a loss of 341.9 million troy ounces. In August, 1971, gold was used only for world trade, because foreign countries wouldn't accept U.S. dollars. As of November, 1981, sources had indicated that the gold reserve had dropped to 264.1 million troy ounces.

Title 31 of the U.S. Code, requires an annual physical inventory of our gold supply, but a complete audit was never done, so officially, nobody knows what has occurred. After World War II, America had 70% of the World's supply of loose gold, but today, we may have less than 7%. Sen. Jesse Helms seemed to think that the OPEC nations have our gold, while others believe that 70% of the world's gold supply is being held by the World Bank, which is dominated by the financial grip of the Rothschilds and the Rockefellers.

Some years ago, I had been contacted by a gentleman in Michigan whose research indicated that counterfeit $5,000 and $10,000 Federal Reserve Notes had been used to steal U.S. gold reserves. Illegal to own, these notes are actually checks which are used to transfer ownership of large amounts of gold without actually moving the gold itself. Using public records, he found the serial numbers of the bills which were originally printed and discovered that there are now more in existence.

It has been reported that 40% (13,000 tons) of the world's gold is five levels below street level in a sub-basement of the New York Federal Reserve Bank, behind a 90-ton revolving door. Some of it is American-owned, but most is owned by the central banks of other countries. It is stored in separate cubicles, and from time to time, is moved from one cubicle to another to satisfy international transactions.

The Destructive Effects of Fiat Money Inflation

The 1929 series of Federal Reserve notes said:

"Redeemable in gold on demand at the United States Treasury, or in gold or lawful money at any Federal Reserve Bank." This was just like the Silver Certificate, which was guaranteed by a dollar in silver that was on deposit.

The 1934 series of notes said:

"This note is legal tender for all debts, public and private, and is redeemable in lawful money at the United States Treasury, or at any Federal Reserve Bank."

The 1950 series:

Kept the same wording, but reduced it to three lines, and reduced the size of the type.

The 1953 series:

The wording was totally removed, although the bottom portion contained a promise to "pay the bearer on demand."

The 1963 series:

Even this wording was removed, and our dollars became nothing more than worthless pieces of paper because they no longer met the legal requirements of a note, which must list an issuing bank, and amount payable, a payee or "bearer," and a time for payment or "on demand."

After March, 1964, silver certificates were no longer convertible to silver dollars; and in March, 1968, near the conclusion of the Johnson Administration, silver backing of the dollar was removed.

Since 1933, the Federal Reserve has been printing too much money, compared to the declining Gross National Product (GNP). The GNP is the accumulated values of services and goods produced in the country. If the GNP is 4%, then the money produced should only be about 5-6%, thus insuring enough money to keep the goods produced by the GNP in circulation. Additional social services, which are promised during election year rhetoric to gain votes, increase the Federal Budget, so more money is printed. Then the Government will cut the Budget, establish wage and price controls. The extra money in circulation decreases the value of the dollar, and prices go up. Simply put, too much money in circulation causes inflation, and that is what the Reserve is doing, purposely printing too much money in order to destroy the economy. On the other hand, if they would stop printing money, our economy would collapse.

The Federal Reserve is responsible for setting the interest rate that member banks can borrow from the Reserve, thus controlling the interest rates of the entire country. So, what it boils down to is that the Federal Reserve determines the amount of money needed, which is created by the International Bankers out of nothing. Besides the face value, they charge the government 3¢ to produce each bill. The Federal government pays the Reserve in bonds (which are also printed by the Reserve), and then pay the bonds off at a high rate of interest. That interest will very soon become the largest item in the Federal Budget.

William McChesney Martin, a member of the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), and Chairman of the Federal Reserve during the "New Frontier" years of the Kennedy Administration, testified to the Federal Banking Committee that the value of the dollar was being scientifically brought down each year by 3% to 3.5% in order to allow wages to "go up". The reasoning behind this was that the people were being made to think that they were getting more when in fact they were actually getting less.

The Congress has also contributed to this process by approving Federal Budgets year after year which requires the printing of more money to finance the debt, which by the end of 2003 was over $6,900,000,000,000 ($6.9 trillion). When Wilson was President, the debt was about $1 billion and in 1974, the debt was about $1 trillion .

[Steve Gardner]

...Begins Operation

Congressional Attempts to Control the Fed

In 1937, Rep. Charles G. Binderup of Nebraska, realizing the consequences of the Federal Reserve System, called for the Government to buy all the stock, and to create a new Board controlled by Congress to regulate the value of the currency and the volume of bank deposits, thus eliminating the Fed's independence. He was defeated for re-election. Others have also tried to introduce various Bills to control the Federal Reserve: Rep. Goldborough (1935), Rep. Jerry Voorhis of California (1940, 1943), Sen. M. M. Logan of Kentucky, and Rep. Usher L. Burdick of North Dakota .

Rep. Wright Patman of Texas (who was the House Banking Chairman until 1975), said in 1952:

"In fact there has never been an independent audit of either the twelve banks of the Federal Reserve Board that has been filed with the Congress ... For 40 years the system, while freely using the money of the government, has not made a proper accounting."

Patman said that the Federal Open Market Committee (who, in addition to the Board of Governors, decides the country's monetary policy) is "one of the most secret societies. These twelve men decide what happens in the economy ... In making decisions they check with no one -- not the President, not the Congress, not the people."

Patman also said:

"In the United States we have, in effect, two governments ... We have the duly constituted Government ... Then we have an independent, uncontrolled and uncoordinated government in the Federal Reserve System, operating the money powers which are reserved to Congress by the Constitution."

During his career, Patman sought to force the Fed to allow an independent audit, lessen the influence of the large banks, shorten the terms of the Fed Governors, expose it to regular Congressional review just like any other Federal agency, and to have only officials nominated by the President and confirmed by Congress to be on the Federal Open Market Committee. In 1967, Patman tried to have them audited, and on January 22, 1971, introduced H.R. 11, which would have altered its organization, diminishing much of its power. He was later removed from the Chairmanship of the House Banking and Currency Committee, which he held for years.

On January 22, 1971, Rep. John R. Rarick of Louisiana introduced H.R. 351: "To vest in the Government of the United States the full, absolute, complete, and unconditional ownership of the twelve Federal Reserve Banks." He said: "The Federal Reserve is not an agency of government. It is a private banking monopoly." He was later defeated for re-election.

During the 1980's, Rep. Phil Crane of Illinois introduced House Resolution H.R. 70 that called for an annual audit of the Fed (which never came to a full vote), and Rep. Henry Gonzales of Texas introduced H.R. 1470, that called for the repeal of the Federal Reserve Act.

The Federal Reserve System has never been audited, and their meetings, and minutes of those meetings, are not open to the public. They have repelled all attempts to be audited. In 1967, Arthur Burns, the Chairman of the Federal Reserve, said that an audit would threaten the "independence" of the Reserve.

The Fed in the 1970s and 1980s

In 1979, after dismissing Secretary of Treasury Michael Blumenthal, President Jimmy Carter offered the position to American Illuminati chief David Rockefeller, the CEO of Chase Manhattan Bank, but he turned it down [as he had previously turned down the offer from Nixon]. He also turned down the nomination for the Chairmanship of the Federal Reserve Board.

Carter then appointed Paul Volcker as Chairman. Volcker graduated from Princeton with a degree in Economics, and from Harvard with a degree in Public Administration. He was an economist with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (1952-57), worked at the Chase Manhattan Bank (1957-61), was with the U.S. Treasury Department (1961-65), Deputy Under Secretary for Monetary Affairs (1963-65), Under Secretary for Monetary Affairs (1969-74), and President of the New York Federal Reserve Bank (1975-79).

When Volcker was in the Nixon Administration as the Under Secretary for Monetary Policy and International Affairs, the executive branch official who works most closely with the Federal Reserve, he and Treasury Secretary John Connally helped formulate the policy that took us off the gold standard in 1971, because of the dwindling gold reserves at Fort Knox. Volcker was chosen because he was the "candidate of Wall Street." He was a member of the Trilateral Commission, and a major Rockefeller supporter.

Bert Lance, the Georgia banker and political advisor to Carter who became his Budget Director and was later forced to resign...said that if Volcker was appointed he would be "mortgaging his re-election to the Federal Reserve." Lance predicted that he would bring high interest rates and high unemployment. He was confirmed by the Senate Banking Committee in August, 1979, replacing Arthur Burns, an Austrian-born economist who was a CFR member with close ties to the Rockefellers. Volcker was against a gold-backed dollar or gold being used as a form of currency. He attempted to tighten the money situation in order to curb the 10% annual growth in the money supply, and to ease the pressure of loan demand. The result [of his policy] was a dramatic increase in interest rates, which climbed to 13.5% by September, 1979, and then soared to 21.5% by December, 1980.

[We may speculate] that this economic decline was purposely engineered to cause the political decline of Carter. In response to the rising interest rates, Carter said:

"As you well know, I don't have control over the Fed, none at all. It's carefully isolated from any influence by the President or the Congress. This has been done for many generations and I think it's a wise thing to do."

During the 1970's, many banks had left the Federal Reserve, and in December, 1979, Volcker told the House Banking Committee that "300 banks with deposits of $18.4 billion have quit the Fed within the past 4-1/2 years," and that another 575 of the remaining 5,480 member banks, with deposits of $70 billion, had indicated that they intended to withdraw. He said that this would curtail their control over the money supply, and that led Congress, in 1980, to pass the Monetary Control Act, which gave the Federal Reserve control of all banking institutions, regardless if they are members or not.

Even though inflation had skyrocketed to all-time highs, Reagan kept Volcker on. It was Volcker who started the collapse of the U.S. economy.

Alan Greenspan, who became the Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board in 1987, is [also] a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. He has a bachelor's and master's degree, and a doctorate in Economics from New York University. He met Ayn Rand, the author of Atlas Shrugged, in 1952 and they became friends. It is from her that he learned that capitalism "is not only efficient and practical, but also moral." In February, 1995, the seventh increase in the interest rate, within the period of a year, took place. This put Greenspan in the limelight, as well as the Federal Reserve. It was very interesting how the media spin doctors churned out information that totally skirted the issue concerning the Fed's actual role in controlling our economy.

Predictions of Monetary Disaster

In the mid-1970's, Paper 447, Article 3, from the World Bank said that the world economy would be fairly stable until 1980 when it would begin falling, in domino fashion. On October 29, 1975, the Wall Street Journal printed a comment by H. Johannes Witteveen, Managing Director of the United Nation's International Monetary Fund, that the IMF "ought to evolve into a World Central Bank ... to prevent inflation." Dr. H. A. Murkline, Director of the International Institute University in Irving, Texas, wrote in World Oil: 1976 that he projected that the Federal Government could only hold out till the end of 1981. Dow Theory Letters, Inc. reported that by 1982, the cost of dealing with the national debt "would eat up all the government tax money available."

The Robbins Report of January 15, 1978, said: "If Carter introduces Bancor, which will be the yielding of our dollar to the ECU (European Currency Unit), this is what will happen: look for hyperinflation and collapse of all the world's paper money before 1985." Julian Snyder said in the International Money Line of February, 1978: "The United States is trying to solve its problem through currency depreciation (debasement) ... it will not work. If the crash does not occur this year, it could be postponed until 1982."

On March 13, 1979, while meeting at Strasbourg, France, the Parliament of Europe, which governs the European Economic Community (Common Market), oversaw the establishment of a new European money system. Known as the ECU, it was backed by 20% of the participating countries" gold reserves (about 3,150 tons). What little strength our dollar had, came from the fact that all nations buying oil from OPEC, had to use U.S. dollars. Then came the word in March, 1980, from Arab diplomatic sources at the United Nations that the Chase Manhattan Bank was making plans to drop the dollar in [favor] of the ECU.

Dr. Franz Pick, a well known authority on world currency, said in December, 1979, in the Silver and Gold Report:

"The most serious problem we face today is the debasement of our currency by the government. The government will continue to debase the dollar until ... within 12-24, months it will shrink to 1 cent ... at which time Washington will be forced to create the new hard currency ... A currency reform is nothing but a fancy name for state bankruptcy ... A currency reform completes the expropriation of all kinds of savings ... it will wipe out all public and private bonds, most pensions; all annuities, and all endowments."

Against all odds, our economy has continued to hang on even though financial analysts have continued to forecast disastrous conditions.

In 1993, Sen. Bob Kerrey (Democrat, NE) promised to support President Bill Clinton's Budget Plan, if Clinton would appoint a Committee to study the condition of the American economy. The President established a 32-member bipartisan committee and in August, 1994, they issued their report. According to the committee's findings, by the year 2012, unless drastic changes are made, we won't even be able to pay the interest on the national debt. Knowing this, the federal government has allowed the trend to continue, almost as if they're trying to run our economy into the ground. It seems obvious that the destruction of the American economy has been part of a deliberate plot to financially enslave our nation.

The New U.S. Currency

In the late 1970's, it was [rumored that replacement currency had] already been printed and stored at the Federal Emergency Relocation Facility in Culpepper, Virginia, which is built into the side of a mountain, and would be able to continue functioning during the aftermath of a nuclear or natural disaster; and at the 200,000 sq. ft. Federal underground facility in Mt. Weather, Virginia (near Berryville), which is the primary relocation area for the President, Cabinet Secretaries, Supreme Court Justices, and several thousand federal employees (Congress would be relocated to an underground facility in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia). It is believed that when our monetary system is finally destroyed, a reorganization will occur within the confines of a world government, and new money will be issued.

Rep. Ron Paul, Republican from Texas, who was on the Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs, wrote about the new money in a [1983] letter to Charles T. Roberts, Executive Vice-President of the Hull State Bank in Texas:

"In a closed briefing for the members of the House Banking Committee on November 2nd, representatives of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, the Federal Reserve, and the Secret Service described plans for making changes in Federal Reserve Notes beginning in 1985 (although the long range target is 1988) ... These changes, which will probably include taggents, security threads, and colors, and may include holograms, diffraction gratings, or watermarks, will be made in coordination with six other nations: Canada, Britain, Japan, Australia, West Germany and Switzerland. Japan, for example, will begin recalling its present currency in November, 1984, and have it nearly completed within six months ... According to the government, the only reason for the currency changes is to deter counterfeiting. Although it was admitted by one spokesman in the group that there would have to be a call-in of our present currency for new currency to work, the spokesmen for the government were adamant in saying that there was no other motive for a currency change..."

According to law, only the Treasury Secretary has the authority to change the currency. Over $3 million was spent under "counterfeit prevention" authority for the development of the new money, which according to the Currency Design Act (H.R. 6005) hearings, would be issued by the Federal Reserve Board. In a July, 1983 market survey in Buena Park, California, people were shown proposed designs for "new U.S. dollar bills." The variations shown, consisted of each denomination being a different color; Federal Reserve seals replaced with a design utilizing reflective ink; and other optical devices like holograms (a process which produces a three-dimensional image which can change color depending on the angle it is viewed), and multilayer diffraction gratings (similar to a hologram); as well as bills containing metal security threads, and planchettes (red and blue colored discs incorporated into the paper, similar to threads) to trigger scanning equipment which would detect its presence, and to sort cash faster.

By the end of 1983, [the Fed] had received 110 new machines which could count up to 72,000 bills per minute each. Jane Kettleson, an economic consultant to the U.S. Paper Exchange, said that "the Fed will have the capability to physically replace the entire U.S. currency in circulation in just four days time."

It was shown that a drastic change would not be accepted, so a process of incrementalism was adopted. It was decided that the Bureau of Printing and Engraving would have a fine metallic strip running through the currency, leaving the basic design intact; however, they later decided to use a clear imprinted polyester strip, woven into the paper, running vertically on the left side of the Federal Reserve Seal. The length of the translucent polyester filament reads "USA100" for $100 bills, "USA50" for $50 bills, and so on; and can only be read if held up to direct light. It was reported that a company called Checkmate Electronics, Inc., which manufactures the equipment needed to scan checks, scanned the new money, and found the strip to contain "machine detectable" aluminum. Their scan produced an indecipherable bar code.

Though the basic design did not change, there was microscopic type printed around the picture which reads, "The United States of America," but appeared to only be a line. This currency with oversized, off-center portraits, was introduced in 1996 with the $100 bills, then $50 bills and $20 bills (1998), and culminated with $10's and $5's in 2000. The Government discontinued printing any of the old money, and began emptying their vaults to get rid of the old bills. The old money was never recalled, and continued to be circulated.

Then in June, 2002, only a few years after the last makeover, the rumors of colored money became a fact, as the Bureau of Engraving and Printing announced that further changes were being made to our money for security reasons. In October, 2003, the new, colored $20 bill (the most counterfeited note), was introduced. The new bill retained the security thread, color-shifting ink, and watermark; but also had the colors of green and peach added to its background, as well as small yellow "20's" printed on the back. The new $50 and $100 bills will be coming in 2004 and 2005.

Some financial experts have theorized that when every denomination is changed over, that the business sector may not want to accept old bills which would then become worthless and could create a financial emergency. But Federal officials have said that the old money would be accepted, but scrutinized. It has been suggested that the government could really take advantage of the situation, that in order for people to exchange their old money for new, an exchange rate may be determined which would benefit the economy. For example, it may take two old dollars to exchange for a new one. It is possible that we may be experiencing the final transition to the "new money."

This transitional currency may be just another step in testing the public’s willingness to accept economic change. The Reserve formally had about seven currency sorting machines which counted up to 55,000 bills per minute, but by the end of 1983, they had received 110 new machines which could count up to 72,000 bills per minute. Jane Kettleson, an economic consultant to the U.S. Paper Exchange, said that, “the FED will have the capability to physically replace the entire U.S. currency in circulation in just four days time.”

The International Monetary Fund has been responsible for the decline of our dollar, and our present economic situation. The first step to initiating this ‘crash’ was the Monetary Control Act of 1980, which instead of a 6:1 ratio, mandated the Federal Reserve to only have one dollar on deposit for every twelve they create. Further plans were made during a meeting of Western leaders at Williamsburg, Virginia, on May 28-30, 1983.

Worldwide Currency Changes

International cooperation has been intense to coordinate currency changes among its member governments. In 1985, officials from the Morgan Bank in New York met with the Credit Lyonnais Bank in France. They established the European Currency Unit Banking Association (ECUBA), to get world cooperation for a unified currency, and had support from bankers in Europe, Japan, and the United States. It was an offshoot of the Banking Federation of the European Community (BFEC), which has been engaged in shutting down small banks in order to develop a conglomerate of a few huge banks. In October, 1987, the Association for the Monetary Union of Europe (AMUE) secretly met and recommended that the ECU (European Currency Unit) replace existing national currencies and that all European Central Banks be combined into one and issue the ECU [Euro] as the official unified currency (which occured on schedule in the year 2000).

It is believed that the plan is to [ultimately] have only three central banks in the world: The [U.S.] Federal Reserve Bank, the European Central Bank, and the Central Bank of Japan. In a June, 1989 hearing of the Senate Banking Securities Subcommittee, Alan Greenspan, Chairman of the Federal Reserve, said that exchange rates could be fixed in order to solve the problem of uniformity between the currencies of various nations.

Many countries have issued new money, such as Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, France, Germany, Australia, and Brazil. Of the countries that already had, most currencies had a common 1" square, usually on the left side of the bill. Held over a light, a hologram appears on the spot, barely visible to the naked eye, which cannot be reproduced on a copier. It is believed that this spot is being reserved for a central World Bank overprint. They also contain metallic strips that can be detected when they pass through scanners at airports and international borders.

On May 10, 1994, when USA Today carried a page one article concerning major changes in the design of the paper currency, which was expected to take place by the end of the year, it was accompanied with a picture of the new $100 bill, featuring a larger portrait of Benjamin Franklin which had been pushed to the right side of the bill, and the Eagle in the center. The line “United States of America” appeared along the top right, and the line “One Hundred Dollars” appeared on the lower left, with the serial number being placed over that. There was a conspicuous open spot on the left side of the bill, very similar to the new currency in other countries, which some researchers feared was being reserved for some future use.

The institution of a common world-wide currency may be delayed because of the possibility of moving right to a cashless system, making paper money obsolete. The Visa MagiCard was the first step towards a national debit card. With this card, you could make purchases at any of the 10 million merchants who accepted Visa, and have the amount electronically deducted from your checking account. Financial experts said at the time, that within only a few years, there would be more debit cards than credit cards. Since then, there has been a massive campaign to promote debit cards, and a move to accommodate their use in all areas of life.

More and more banks have decided not to return people's cancelled checks, because of the expense to do so; and it seems likely that there is a plan underway to gradually move away from the use of paper checks. With the existence of debit cards, and the fact that credit cards are so easily attainable, there's no doubt that we"re being pushed into an electronic economy of Direct Deposit and Automatic Withdrawal. When total saturation has been achieved, then the stage will be set. Sure, it's really convenient to whip out a piece of plastic to buy things, and to have all your financial affairs handled through the bank's computer system. But do you realize, that when their plan is complete, you will be nothing more than a number in a computer. Everything you do can be tracked; and with a click of a mouse, or the press of a button, you could be denied access to your own money.

Conclusion

In a letter to Edward M. House (President Wilson's closest aide), dated November 23, 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt said:

"The real truth of the matter is, and you and I know, that a financial element in the large centers has owned the government of the U.S. since the days of Andrew Jackson."

Henry Ford, founder of the Ford Motor Company, said:

"It is well enough that the people of the nation do not understand our banking and monetary system, for if they did, I believe there would be a revolution before tomorrow morning."

In 1957, Sen. George W. Malone of Nevada said before Congress about the Federal Reserve:

"I believe that if the people of this nation fully understood what Congress has done to them over the past 49 years, they would move on Washington: they would not wait for an election ... It adds up to a preconceived plan to destroy the economic and social independence of the United States."